Alcohol and Cancer

260 Pages·2011·5.65 MB·English

by  Philip J. Brooks PhD (auth.)

Alcohol and Cancer

Samir Zakhari Vasilis Vasiliou Q. Max Guo
● ●
Editors
Alcohol and Cancer
Editors
Samir Zakhari, Ph.D. Vasilis Vasiliou, Ph.D.
Director Professor and Director of Toxicology
Division of Metabolism and Health Effects Graduate Program
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Alcoholism University of Colorado Denver
National Institutes of Health C238-P15 RC2, Room P15-3111
5635 Fishers Lane, Room 2031 12700 East 19th Avenue
Bethesda, MD 20892-9304 Aurora, CO 80045
USA USA
[email protected] [email protected]
Q. Max Guo, Ph.D.
Division of Metabolism and Health Effects
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism
National Institutes of Health
5635 Fishers Lane, Room 2031
Bethesda, MD 20892-9304
USA
[email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4614-0039-4 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-0040-0
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0040-0
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011934679
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Preface
Chronic alcohol consumption is a major health problem worldwide, and may lead
to addiction and damage of almost every organ of the body. The World Health
Organization (WHO) Global Burden of Disease has concluded that approximately
1.8 million people die each year due to alcohol (3.2% of all deaths). One of the most
significant diseases caused by chronic alcohol consumption is cancer. According to
the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in Lyon, France, alcohol
is considered a carcinogen for the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver,
colorectum, and the female breast. Worldwide, a total of approximately 389,000
cases of these cancers representing 3.6% of all cancers (5.2% in men and 1.7% in
women) are derived from chronic alcohol ingestion.
The fact that alcohol causes cancer is not new. The first observation that alcohol
is responsible for esophageal cancer was published by the French pathologist Lamu
in Paris in 1910. It took a long time until 1978 when the National Institute of Health
(NIH) organized a workshop on this topic due to the fact that more and more epide-
miologic data appeared demonstrating the causal relationship between alcohol and
certain types of cancer. However, at this time mechanisms of alcohol-mediated
carcinogenesis were almost completely unknown.
A second workshop in 2004 took into account the increasing literature on possible
mechanisms by which ethanol and/or its first metabolite acetaldehyde stimulates
carcinogenesis. The results of this workshop were published in ALCOHOL.
A further step forward in bringing this important issue to the scientific public was
the workshop held in Lyon at the IARC in February 2007 which ended in a clear
statement that alcoholic beverages are carcinogenic and that acetaldehyde is a
causal factor in esophageal carcinogenesis published in the April issue 2007 of
LANCET ONCOLOGY.
Considering this historic development, it was time for a more detailed look at the
effect of alcohol on carcinogenesis in a broader perspective, including epidemiology,
biochemistry as well as molecular and cell biology. On June 8–9, 2010, the Division
of Metabolism and Health Effects of the National Institute of Alcoholism and
Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA) has invited a panel of experts to discuss this important
issue. As a result, Dr. Sam Zakhari and his colleagues presented a comprehensive
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vi Preface
book on alcohol and cancer with major emphasis on molecular mechanisms, including
the effect of alcohol metabolism on cancer, the effect of ethanol on epigenetics,
intracellular signal pathways, retinoic acid metabolism, protein homeostasis, inflam-
mation, immune surveillance, and stem cells. This book could have come at no
better time. The contents of this book is carefully designed and analytically pre-
sented, summarizing an up-to-date knowledge on this topic with the most recent
literature until summer 2010. The book “Alcohol and Cancer” edited by Sam
Zakhari, Q. Max Guo, and Vasilis Vasiliou is a comprehensive and unique summary
on a topic of general and specicfi interest to a broad readership, including oncologists,
basic cancer researchers, gastroenterologists, hepatologists, and other specialists
dealing with cancer. It will undoubtedly become an international landmark.
Dr. Sam Zakhari works at the NIH since 1986. He is Director of the Division of
Metabolism and Health Effects of the NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA. He is an inter-
nationally well-known expert in the field of alcohol metabolism and alcohol associ-
ated toxicity, having worked in this field for decades. It is he and his coworkers who
guarantee for the high standard and quality of this book. I wish to thank the authors
for presenting an outstanding summary on a most important issue and I am con-
vinced that this book receives the international recognition which it deserves.
Heidelberg Helmut K. Seitz, MD, PhD, AGAF
October, 2010
Contents
1 Alcohol as a Human Carcinogen .......................................................... 1
Philip J. Brooks
2 Cancer and Alcohol: An Overview of Tumorigenesis ......................... 5
William C. Dunty Jr.
3 Alcohol and Cancer Epidemiology ....................................................... 19
R. Thomas Gentry
4 Alcohol Metabolism and Its Implications for Cancer......................... 37
Gary J. Murray, Philip J. Brooks, and Samir Zakhari
5 Epigenetics, Alcohol, and Cancer ......................................................... 69
Dale Hereld and Q. Max Guo
6 Alcohol, Cancer Genes, and Signaling Pathways ................................ 93
William C. Dunty Jr.
7 Alcohol, Retinoic Acid, and Cancer ..................................................... 127
Svetlana Radaeva
8 Alcohol, Altered Protein Homeostasis, and Cancer ............................ 155
András Orosz
9 Alcohol and the Inflammatory Function of Immune Cells
in Cancer Development ......................................................................... 175
H. Joe Wang
10 Immune Surveillance and Tumor Evasion .......................................... 193
M. Katherine Jung
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11 Stem Cells and Alcohol-Related Cancers ............................................ 211
Zhigang (Peter) Gao and Q. Max Guo
12 Epilogue, Consensus Recommendations: Alcohol and Cancer.......... 225
Samir Zakhari
Index ................................................................................................................ 233
About the Contributors
Phillip J. Brooks, Ph.D
Neurobiology, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1990
Postdoc: Rockefeller University
Started at NIH: 1994
William C. Dunty, Jr., PhD
Cell and Developmental Biology,
University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, 2002
Postdoc: National Cancer Institute
Started at NIH: 2003
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