Albania First National Communication

138 Pages·2002·1.59 MB·English

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Publisher
Ministry of Environment of Albania
Prepress
Ermira FIDA
Odeta Zheku
Melita Leka
Design
Petrit Pema
Gr.Pe&Pe
Front cover page
Admir Banaj
ADIZAJN
Printed by:
Publishing and printing house “FLESH”
Tirana, Albania
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Republic of Albania
Ministry of Environment
The First National Communication of the Republic of Albania to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Co-ordinated by:
Ermira Fida, National Project Manager
Tatjana Hema, National Project Director
Lead authors:
Besim Islami,
Mirela Kamberi,
Eglantina Demiraj,
Ermira Fida,
Contributing Authors:
Spiro Karadumi, Edmond Panariti, Pranvera Bekteshi, Emil Gjika, Gazmend Gjyli,
Pellumb Berberi, Tatjana Mulaj, Vangjel Mustaqi, Liri Mucaj, Mirela Bicja, Agim Shehi,
Sabri Laci, Alfred Mullai, Gani Deliu,Tatjana Dishnica, Irfan Tarelli.
Review Editors
Lirim Selfo, Narin Panariti, Drita Dade,
Katarina Mareckova, MilosTichy, Juan Zuak, Jan Van Drunen.
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Foreword
Acknowledging the significance of the climate change problem and the necessity to take effective
steps for its mitigation, the Government of Albania joined the UNFCCC on January 1995. Three
years after the ratification of the Convention, Albania was provided with financial assistance from
Global Environment Facility for the preparation of the First National Communication.
I have the pleasure to present to you the First National Communication of Albania, as a
response to the commitments of Albania to the UNFCCC.
The First National Communication of Albania is the first assessment of the Albania’s present
situation with regard to climate change. At the same time, it serves as the basis for future action,
research, improvement, offering opportunities for policy refinement and development.
This document goes beyond the reporting commitments of a non-Annex I Party, under the exist-
ing guidelines for the preparation of National Communications from non-Annex I Parties, as Alba-
nia is, to the UNFCCC. Albania, for the first time has developed the National Action Plan, which
addresses the climate change issues as a part of the updated Environmental Action Plan, despite of its
low level of contribution in greenhouse gas emissions.
Despite to the problems and constrains of development which have affected this exercise, a consid-
erable experience has been gained, a national capacity has been built and many lessons have been
learnt. It has become a useful tool and basis for the sustainability of the preparation process of future
National Communications.
Finally, on behalf of the Government of Albania, I avail myself of this opportunity to express
my highest appreciation to the Global Environment Facility, to UNDP as its implementing agency
and Secretariat of the UNFCCC for their support to enable Albania to prepare its First National
Communication to the UNFCCC.
Prof. Lufter Xhuveli, PhD
Minister of Environment
July 2002.
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Acknowledgements
The First National Communication of Albania represents the input of a large number of stake-
holders, involved during a three and a half years period, over which it was prepared.
The participation of numerous stakeholders from various economic sectors, ministries, non
governmental agencies, community based organizations and funding agencies, was critical to
the success of the process.The First National Communication of Albania succeeded due to
the financial contribution of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), political, technical and
financial support provided by the Ministry of Environment of Albania, on behalf of the Govern-
ment of Albania, support provided by UNDP country office on the project implementation pro-
cess, technical support provided by the National Communications Support Program (NCSP)
and UNFCCC Secretariat, particularly the Implementation Program, non-Annex I Sub-pro-
gram.
Special thanks must be made to the national experts who led the key teams, namely:
Besim Islami, PhD - Team leader of greenhouse gas inventory
Mirela Kamberi, MSc - Team leader of abatement analysis
Prof. Assoc.Eglantina Demiraj, PhD - Team leader of vulnerability assessment and adaptation
They were amply supported by the other members of the technical teams, namely: Prof. Spiro
Karadumi, PhD - land use change and forestry expert; Prof. Edmond Panariti, PhD - livestock
expert; Pranvera Bekteshi, PhD - solvents expert; Emil Gjika, PhD - industrial processes expert;
Prof.Gazmend Gjyli, PhD - waste expert; Prof. Pellumb Berberi, PhD - uncertainty assessment
expert; Prof. Assoc.Tatjana Mulaj, PhD - uncertainty assessment expert; Prof. Assoc. Vangjel
Mustaqi, PhD - climatologist; Prof. Assoc. Liri Mucaj, PhD - climatologist; Mirela Bicja, PhD -
hydrologist; Agim Shehi, PhD - health expert; Prof. Assoc. Sabri Laci, PhD - tourism and popu-
lation expert; Prof. Alfred Mullai, PhD - biologist; Gani Deliu - expert for National Climate Change
Action Plan; Prof. Assoc.Tatjana Dishnica, PhD - agriculture expert; Irfan Tarelli, PhD - agricul-
ture expert; Vojo Spahiu, MSc - IT expert; Gerdi Leka - IT expert; Rezar Shehu, MSc - IT expert;
Prof. Lirim Selfo, PhD - head of reviewing panel; Narin Panariti, PhD - reviewer; Drita Dade -
reviewer; Katarina Mareckova - international reviewer, Slovak Republic; MilosTichy - interna-
tional reviewer, Check Republic; Juan Zuak - international reviewer, Denmark; Jan Van Drunen
- international reviewer, The Netherlands.
The role of the National Project Director in providing the governmental support to the project is
worthy of special mentioning. Many thanks for their support to Maksim Deliana, PhD who was
the National Project Director for the period 1998-2000 and to the Deputy Minister of Environ-
ment Tatjana Hema, PhD, the National Project Director from 2000-2002 and also the UNFCCC
Focal Point. Furthermore, many thanks go to the Project Steering Committee members namely:
Prof. Perparim Fuga, PhD; Marjeta Mima; Margarita Caci; Gjergj Simaku, PhD; Petraq
Krastafillaku, PhD; Silvana Binaj, PhD; Prof. Mithat Sanxhaku, PhD; Prof. Assoc. Marita Nake,
PhD; Prof. Efigjeni Kongjika, PhD; Prof. Assoc. Vasil Marku, PhD; Prof. Arqile Berxoli, PhD.
Special credits must be given to the support provided by the Ministry of Environment of Albania,
especially to Ministers namely, Prof. Ethem Ruka, PhD and Prof. Lufter Xhuveli, PhD and the
heads of their cabinets, respectively to Prof. Assoc. Vaso Qano, PhD; and to Sajmir Hoxha, MSc.
Many credits to the contribution of the UNDP country office, especially to H.E. Anna Stjarnerklint,
the UN Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative; H.E. Parviz Fartash, Deputy
Resident Representative; Vladimir Malkaj - program adviser; Irena Dule - programe specialist;
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Etleva Vertopi - programe specialist; Guido Santini - environmental specialist; Merita Jorgo -
head of project support unit; Arben Caslli, MBA - administrative specialist; Paul Brewah - opera-
tions manager; Ermira Basha - operations analyst; Ilda Frangu - finance specialist and Ermira
Masha - finance specialist.
The final thanks belong to the support staff of the project namely: Melita Leka - administrative
and finance officer and Odeta Zheku - project and information assistant.
Despite the wide range of inputs into the process, the responsibility for this final output rests with
the National Project Manager and any errors and omissions thereof is not to be attributed to the
other participants in the process.
Ermira FIDA, MBA
National Project Manager
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES --- 14
1.1 Geographic profile --- 14
1.2 Climate profile --- 14
1.3 Natural resources --- 14
1.3.1 Water resources --- 14
1.3.2 Forests ---14
1.4 Economic profile --- 14
1.5 Agriculture --- 15
1.6 Livestock --- 15
1.7 Mining --- 15
1.8 Energy --- 15
1.9 Transport --- 16
1.10 Industry --- 16
1.11 Tourism --- 16
1.12Population --- 16
1.13Public health --- 16
1.14Education --- 17
1.15Environment --- 17
2.. NATIONAL GHG INVENTORY --- 17
2.1 National GHG emissions in 1994 ---17
3. GHG EMISSIONS BASELINE SCENARIO --- 19
4. GHG EMISSIONS ABATEMENT SCENARIO --- 19
5. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT --- 21
5.1 Climate change scenarios --- 21
5.2 Water resources --- 22
5.3 Agriculture --- 22
5.4 Forests --- 22
5.5 Energy --- 22
5.6 Public health --- 23
5.7 Population --- 23
5.8 Tourism --- 24
6. ADAPTATION OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- 24
6.1 Water resources --- 24
6.2 Natural ecosystems --- 24
6.3 Agriculture --- 24
6.4 Forestry --- 24
6.5 Energy --- 25
6.6 Public health --- 25
6.7 Population, tourism --- 25
7. NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN --- 26
7.1 Abatement policies and measures --- 27
7.2 Adaptation policies and measures --- 27
8. PUBLIC AWARENESS, EDUCATION AND TRAINING ON CLIMATE CHANGE --- 27
8.1 Public awareness on climate changes --- 27
8.2 Education on climate change --- 28
8.3 Training and capacity building --- 28
9. PROBLEMS, CONSTRAINTS AND NEEDS --- 28
9.1 Institutional problems and constraints --- 29
9.2 Technical problems and constraints --- 29
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9.3 Methodological problems and constraints --- 29
9.4 Availability of resources --- 29
CHAPTER I
NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES
1. GEOGRAFIC PROFILE --- 33
2..CLIMATE PROFILE --- 33
2.1 Temperature --- 33
2.2 Precipitation --- 34
3. NATURAL RESOURCES --- 35
3.1 Water Resources --- 35
3.1.1 Surface water --- 35
3.1.2 Ground water --- 35
3.1.3 Marine water --- 35
3.2 Forestry and land use change --- 36
4. ECONOMIC PROFILE AND SECTORS --- 37
4.1 Agriculture --- 38
4.1.1 Livestock --- 39
4.2 Mining --- 40
4.3 Energy --- 40
4.3.1 Energy consumption --- 40
4.3.2 Energy supply --- 41
4.4 Transport --- 43
4.4.1 Road transport --- 43
4.4.2 Railway transport --- 44
4.4.3 Marine transport --- 44
4.4.4 Air transport --- 34
4.5 Industry --- 44
4.6 Tourism --- 45
4.7 Fisheries ---- 45
5. RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE --- 45
5.1 Population profile --- 45
5.2 Public health --- 46
5.3 Education --- 47
6. ENVIRONMENT --- 47
6.1 Environmental legislation --- 47
6.1.1 Major environmental laws of Albania --- 48
6.2 Institutional framework --- 48
6.3 Environmental situation --- 49
6.3.1 Waste --- 49
6.3.2 Water --- 450
6.3.3 Air --- 50
6.3.4 Soil --- 50
6.3.5 Biodiversity --- 50
6.4 Public awareness --- 50
CHAPTER II
NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) INVENTORY
1. METHODOLOGY --- 54
2. GHG EMISSIONS IN 1994 ---55
2.1 Direct GHG emissions --- 55
2.2 Indirect GHG emissions in 1994 --- 56
2.3 Main CO emissions indicators --- 56
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3. GHG EMISSIONS FROM ECONOMIC SECTORS --- 57
3.1 Energy sector --- 57
3.2 Industrial processes --- 57
3.3 Agriculture --- 59
3.4 Land use change and forestry --- 60
3.5 Waste --- 60
3.6 Solvents --- 61
3.7 International bunkers --- 61
3.8 Total GHG emissions for Albania in 1994 --- 61
4. GHG EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY SECTOR FOR 1990-1994 --- 62
5. KEY SOURCES OF EMISSIONS --- 63
6. UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION OF GHG INVENTORY IN 1994 --- 64
6.1 Data gaps --- 65
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