Albania 2005

161 Pages·2005·14.86 MB·English

2005
NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT ALBANIA
PRO-POOR
AND PRO-WOMEN
POLICIES AND
DEVELOPMENT
IN ALBANIA
Approaches to Operationalising the MDGs in Albania
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC UNITED NATIONS
DEVELOPMENT AGENCY DEVELOPMENT
TIRANA – ALBANIA PROGRAMME
National Human Development Report Albania 2005
Pro-Poor and Pro-Women Policies: Operationalizing MDGs in Albania
Prepared for the United Nations Development Programme in Albania
By the Sustainable Economic Development Agency
Team Leader
Genc Myftiu
Chairman – Sustainable Economic Development Agency
Poverty Principal Author
Adrian Civici – Director,
Department of National Strategy of Socio Economic Development
Gender Principal Author
Eglantina Gjermeni
Director - Gender Alliance for Development Centre
Poverty working group
Gelardina Ducka, Ina Kraja, Kloalda Kamberi, Shkelzen Marku, Arta Hoxha,
Shyqyri Llaci, Fran Brahimi
Gender working group
Marsela Dauti, Elvana Lula, Admir Meko
Human development indexes working group
Arjan Rukaj, Ariana Misha
With the institutional contribution of:
Albanian Association of Municipalities
Centre for Rural Studies,
Co-Plan
Gender Alliance for Development Centre
INSTAT
Partners Albania – Centre for Change and Conflict Management
United Nations Volunteers
Peer review
Ylli Bufi, Milva Ekonomi, Eda Haxhiymeri, Nora Malaj, Capajev Gjokutaj, Remzi Lani, Edmond Leka, Sotiraq
Guga, Engjell Shkreli, Besnik Aliaj, Fatos Hodaj,Tim Scott, Hermine de Sotto, Sabine Beddies, Elira Sakiqi, An-
drey Ivanov, Dono Abdurazakova, Dritan Tola, Gjergji Themeli, Ylli Dedja, Genc Demi, Vincenzo Bonvicini, John
Channon, Keida Lulo.
MARCH 2005
Special thanks to:
HE. Mr. Alfred Moisiu – President of Albania
HE. Ms. Jozefina Topalli – Deputy Speaker of Albanian Parliament
HE. Mr. Arben Malaj – Minister of Finance
HE. Ms. Ermelinda Meksi – Minister of Integration
Ms. Anna Stjarnerklint – UNDP Resident Representative
and UN Resident Coordinator in Albania
Ms. Elzira Sagynbaeva – UNDP Deputy Resident Representative
The authors acknowledge the valuable contribution of all UNDP Albania programme and project staff for their
reviews, insights and suggestions during the preparation of this report
Essay contributions
Albana Mustafaraj, Denisa Xhoga, Edi Lesi, Jerina Zaloshnja,
Luljeta Progni, Manjola Zeka
Editor of essays
Altin Raxhimi
Translators
Stavri Pone
Ana Gjokutaj
English language editing
Elisabeth Warn
Albanian language editing
Xhevat Lloshi
Photos
Roland Tasho
Technical advisor
Peter Gudgeon – Inter-regional advisor, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Management, coordination and technical support
Eno Ngjela – Team Leader / Policy, UNDP Albania
graphic design
Studio grafike Elsi Kongo
Shtypi
Pegi
The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme.
Information contained in this report is not subject to copyright. However, clear acknowledgment and
reference and to the Albanian Human Development Report 2005 authorship is required, when using this
information.
This report is available at
www.undp.org.al
www.seda.org.al
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 7
LIST OF BOXES, TABLES, FIGURES 8
FOREWORD 11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 12
RECOMMENDATIONS 17
INTRODUCTION 19
CHAPTER 1: PRO-POOR AND PRO-WOMEN POLICIES AND STRATEGIES - MAIN ISSUES
AND APPROACHES 25
1.1 Conceptual Underpinnings of Pro- Poor and Pro- Women Policies and Strategies 26
1.1.1 The Human Development Approach – Development for All 26
1.1.2 Poverty – What Does It Mean? 26
1.1.3 Women, Gender and Development 27
1.1.4 Pro-poor and Pro-women Policies 28
1.1.5 The Importance of Pro-poor and Pro Women Development for Albania 30
CHAPTER 2: POVERTY AND THE SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF MAIN REFORMS IN
ALBANIA: 1990 – 2004 33
Introduction 34
s
2.1 Macro-economic Performance 35
t 2.2 Sectoral Reforms 36
2.3 Social Impact Analysis 38
n 2.4 The National Strategy for Social and Economic Development (NSSED) 41
2.5 The MDGs at the Regional Level – The Case for Regional Development 43
e
CHAPTER 3: A PROFILE OF POVERTY IN ALBANIA 45
Introduction 46
t
3.1 Poverty Indicators 46
n 3.2 Unmet Basic Needs; Poverty 52
3.3 Selected Poverty Profiles in Albania 52
3.4 Social Categories at Risk 54
o
3.5 Other Dimensions of Poverty 56
3.6 Poverty and Access assets – private and public 58
C
CHAPTER 4: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT IN ALBANIA 61
Introduction 62

4.1 The Legal and Institutional Framework of Women’s Rights 62
f 4.2 Gender and Health 64
4.3 The Economic Status of Albanian Women 66
O
4.4 Gender and Poverty 69
4.5 Gender and Education 71
4.6 Albanian Women and Decision Making 73

4.7 Women and Migration 76
e 4.8 Domestic Violence and Violence against Women 77
4.9 Women and Crime 81
l 4.10 Trafficking And Prostitution of Albanian Women and Girls 81
b 4.11 The Women’s Movement in Albania 83
CHAPTER 5: POVERTY AND GENDER THROUGH THE LENSES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
a
INDICATORS 87
Introduction 88
T
5.1 The Human Development Index 88
5.2 Gender Empowerment Measure 91
5.3 The Human Poverty Indexes (Hpi-1/2) 91
CHAPTER 6: PRO-POOR AND PRO-WOMEN DEVELOPMENT 97
Introduction 98
6.1 Pro Poor Policies and Strategies 98
6.2 The Importance of Economic Growth for Poverty Reduction 99
6.3 Pro-poor Policies and Strategies Linked To the NSSED 100
6.4 Poverty Social Impact Analysis as a Development Tool 104
6.5 Health Care from A Gender Perspective 105
6.6 Gender and Education 107
6.7 Economic, Political and Social Dimensions Of Pro-women Policies 107
CHAPTER 7: REGIONALIZING AND OPERATIONALISING THE POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES
ON PRO-POOR AND PRO-WOMEN DEVELOPMENT 111
Introduction 112
7.1 Towards Effective Regional Based Strategies and Programmes for Pro-poor and Pro-women
Development 112
7.1.1 Pro-Poor Programmes and Initiatives 112
7.1.2 Polices and Strategies for Addressing Gender Issues and Women’s Development at
the Regional Level 115
7.2 Proposed Participatory Monitoring Tools at the Local Level 117
CHAPTER 8: THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND VOLUNTEERISM IN PROMOTING THE
PRO-POOR AND PRO-WOMEN AGENDA 119
Introduction 120
8.1 Increasing Civil Society Involvement in Issues of Public Concern 120
8.2 Participation of Civil Society in Poverty Reduction 121
8.3 Civil Society and the Millennium Development Goals 122
8.4 Volunteerism and Pro-poor and Pro-women Policies 123
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 130
ANNEXES 133
BIBLIOGRAPHY 155
6
“we will spare no effort to free our
fellow men, women and children
from the abject and dehumanizing
conditions of extreme poverty…... ”.
UN Millennium Declaration
7
list of Abreviations
CBO – Community Based Organization
CDD – Community Driven Development
CSO – Civil Society Organization
EU – European Union
GDI – Gender Development Index
GDP – Gross Domestic Product
GEM – Gender Empowerment Index
GIS – Geographic Information System
HDI – Human Development Index
HPI – Human Poverty Index
ICT – Information and Communication Technology
ILO – International Labour Organization
INSTAT – Institute of Statistics
IOM – International Organization for Migration
LGU – Local Government Unit
LSMS – Living Standards Measurement Survey
MDGs – Millennium Development Goals
MDGRR – Millennium Development Goals Regional Report
NHDR – National Human Development Report
NGO – Non-Governmental Organization
NPO – Non-for Profit Organization
NSSED – National Strategy for Social and Economic Development
OECD – Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
PRSP – Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
PSIA – Poverty and Social Impact Assessment
RDS – Regional Development Strategy
SAA – Stability and Association Agreement
SAp – Stability and Association Process
SME – Small and Medium Enterprises
UN – United Nations
UNDAF – United Nations Development Assistance Framework
UNDP – United Nations Development Programme
UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund
VIO – Volunteer Involving Organisations
WB – World Bank
WHO – World Health Organisation
8
List of boxes
BOX.1: Definitions of Poverty
BOX 2: A chronology of the definitions of poverty
BOX 3: Historical approaches to women’s role and gender equality in the development process.
BOX 4: Migration and remittances
Box 5: Fiscal decentralization
Box 6: Some other MDG targets for Albania
BOX 7: Challenges –as identified by the NSSED
Box 8: Inequality In Albania: Lorenz Curve And Gini Coefficient
BOX 9: The most vulnerable groups in Albania
BOX 10: Health and the family in KUKES
BOX 11: The Poverty and gender nexus of energy and climate change
BOX 12: Creative women with creative hands
Box 13: The Albanian Network Against Gender Violence and Women Trafficking
Box 14: Gender equal opportunities through the use of Media
Box 15: The law on domestic violence
BOX 16: Human Development Index (HDI)
BOX 17: The gender-related development index (GDI)
BOX 18: Gender Empowerment Index (GEM)
BOX 19: Human Poverty Index 1 (HP – 1)
BOX 20: The Human Poverty Index 2 (HPI – 2)
Box 21: Future prospects
BOX 22: NSSED Macro Economic Targets
BOX 23: Good Governance
BOX 24: NSSED expected poverty related effects
BOX 25: The need for data collection for poverty (and gender) analysis
Box 26: The case of Stebleva
Box 27: Raising Public Debate on Women’s empowerment
Box 28: Enhancing the status of women in rural areas
Box 29: Women and Migration
Box 30: Examples of public influence on political behaviour
Box 31: Action priorities suggested by the civil society in the NSSED
Box 32: “Volunteerism brings change” - at least for Radat women
List of tables
Table 1: THE PRINCIPAL MDG POVERTY TARGETS for ALBANIA – absolute and extreme poverty
Table 2: Level of poverty according to various definitions
Table 3: Poverty and Inequality in Albania
Table 4: Poverty, living conditions and access to basic services (in %)
Table 5: Unmet Basic Needs
Table 6: School enrolment rates – by category
Table 7: Main budget shares by location
Table 8: Categories of children at risk at the national level34
Table 9: Economic assistance
Table 10: Self-assessment levels of health and poverty
Table 11: Prenatal care
Table 12: The extent of registered unemployment (in %) – men and women
Table 13: Women’ businesses in various sectors67
Table 14: The poverty index by the gender of the family head 73
Table 15: School dropout for various reasons, the dropouts analysed by gender:
Table 16: The participation of women participation in University leading positions 2002-200384
Table 17: Division by gender of Rectors, Deans and Heads of Department in Albanian Universities for the
academic year 2003-2004:85
Table 18: The constitution of the Albanian Parliament from 192086
Table 19: The gender constitution of the Albanian Parliament, June 2001
Table 20: Women’s participation in government, September 200387
Table 21: Migrants vis-à-vis non-migrants by the official number of the family heads
Table 22: Human Development Index – regional variations
Table 23: Gender Development Index (GDI)