Al-Ibanah fi Usul al-Diyanah (The Elucidation of Islam's Founadtion)

78 Pages·2006·6.98 MB·English

by  Abul Hasan Ali ibn Isma'il al-Ash'ari

AMERICAN ORIENTAL ABU 'L-HASAN 'AL~IB N ISMA'~LA LASX RPS
SERIES
-ISANAH -DIYANAH
AL 'AN U S ~ ALD
(The Elucidation of IsliZm's Foundation)
VOLUME 19
A
TRANSLATION
WITH
EDITOR INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
W. NORMAN BROWN
BY
JOHN K. SHRYOCK E. A. SPEISER
WALTER C. KLEIN, PH.D ., TH.D.
AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY
NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT
1 9 4 0
Reprinted with the permission of the original publisher
Reprinted with the permission of the original publisher
KRAUS REPRINT CORPORATION
KRAUS REPRINT CORPORATION
New York New York
1967 1067
A contribution from the American Councd of Learned
Societies has assisted in the pulilication
of this volume
TO
MY WIFE
PRlNTFD IN THE UNITEl) STA I IS OF AMERIC A
PREFACE
Besides helping to advance the studies of the specialist, for whom it is
primarily designed, this translation of the whole Ib&.uh-the first in a
modem language, so far as I know-will, T hope, serve to introduce the
non-expert, particularly the Christian theologian, to the resourceful
intricacies of Muslim theology, with which most Christian thinkers are
unacquainted, to their loss.
I thank the Editors of the American Oriental Society for granting my
monograph a place in the AXERICAN ORIENTAL SERIES.T O Mrs.
dlexandef' Macintosh and to my wife I am beholden for intelligent and
accurate typing. Finally, I am glad to have an opportunity of acknowl-
edging my debt to those who, by their interest and atlvice, hwe elimi-
nated from this work many of the imperfections it contained in its
original form : the late Professor Gottheil, his successor Professor Jeffery,
Professor Gray, Dr. Marcus, and Dr. Halkin, all of Columbia University;
and Dr. Della Vida, of the University of Pennsylvania.
vii
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE . . vii
INTRODUCTION.
.
The First Three Centuries of Isliim 1
The three trends in Isl5m - the positions of Ibn
Hanbal, al-Agari, and al-baziili-the political back-
ground of religious differences in Isliim-the situation
at the time of Muhammad's death-the first caliphs-
the Hiirijitep-the g~'ites--the Umayyads-the Mur-
jites-the 'Abbisids-canon law-mysticism.
.
The Mu'tazilah . 15
-
Earlp precursors of the Mu'tazilah origin of the
sect-Mu'tazilite creeds-freedom of the will-doctrine
of God-God and His predicates-the Divine Knowl-
edge-summary of al-Jubbii'i's views--estimate of the
Blu'tazilah.
Al-ASari and 13is Theology . . 25
General observations on his character, significance,
and work-his ancestr~-:tssociation with the Blu't;~-
zilah-conversion to orthodoxy-writings-summm
-
of his dogmatic position relation between al-;lb'ari
~iidhi s contemporaries :~t,-Tahlwia nd al-Mlturidi-
al-A8'ari's school.
T]:XKSIJATION.
I. The Author's Preface . . 43
It. Chitptcr OII the I<xposition of the Belief of the Dc-
viators and 1 ii~lovittors . . 4G
111. (%apter C!oncerning the I~spositiono f the Belief of
the People of the Truth and the Su~lnnh . . 49
IV. Cliiiptvr (:oiit;~~nirigtl w /~(IZ$IJ~t o Prove the Yisibllity
ol' God to Sight (ubuiir) 111 thc Nest Worlfl . >fi
. .
A Questiori and thc Answer to it 60
V. Cliapter on God's Visibility . . (is
xi
Contents Contents
PAGE
PAGE:
VI. Chapter Containing the Kaldm on the Doctrine that XIV. Chapter Containing the Traditions Cited Concerning
. .
the Qurln is the Uncreated Word of Cod . . 66 the Qadar 124
. .
Section . . 68 Proof Concerning the Qadar 12s
. .
Section 69
. XV. Chapter Containing the Kaliinr Concelming the Inter-
Reply to the Jahmiyyah ., . '73 cession and the Going Forth from Hell . . 130
Reply to the Jahmiyyah 74
.
XVI. Chapter Containing the Xaldnz Concerning the Pool 131
VII. Chapter Containing the Traditions Cited Concerning
the Qur'iin . . '75 XVII. Chapter Containing the Kalrlm Concerning the Pun-
.
ishment of the Grave 132
VIII. Chapter Containing the Ealdm Concerning Those Who
. . XVIII. Chapter Containing the galdm Concerning the ImH-
Suspend Judgment upon the Qur'8.n 80 - .
mate of ,4bi1 Rakr the Veracious 135
IS. Chapter Containing the Discussion Concerning God's
Being Seated on the Throne . . S3 INDEX OF ARABIC WORDS . . 131
X. Chapter Containing the Ealdm Concerning God's Face, INDEX OF PERSO~ALA ND GROUP NAMES OCCURRING
His Eyes, His Sight, and His Hands . . 88 IN THE INTRODUCTION . . 139
.
XI. Chapter Containing the Reply to the Jahmiyyah Con- INDEX OF Q U X ~ ~ S ~CCIT ATIONS AND REFERENCES 141
cerning their Denial of God's Knowledge and His
Power and His Attributes in General , . 94
XI. Chapter Containing the Ealam Concerning God's Will 100
XIII. Chapter Containing the Xalam Concerning the Pre-
destination of the Works of Human Beings and the
Capacity and the Justification and the Condemnation 107
.
Question Concerning the Capacity 108
Question Concerning the Imposition of Religious Obli-
. .
gations (taklif) 111
Question Concerning the Torture of Infants . . 112
Keply to the Mu'tazilah . . 113
Question Concerning the Sealing . . 114
.
Question Concerning the Reservation (istiin$) 115
. .
Question Concerning the Appointed Ternls 113
.
Question Concerning the Provision of Sustcnnnce I 17
Another Question Concerning the Provision of Sustc-
I~~II~C'P. . 11'7
Question Concernil~gG uidance . . 119
(Jucstion Concwning Error . . 120
TRANSLITERATION
Not represented at the
beginning of a word.
ih+p
INTRODUCTION
In every religious fellowship of sufficient size and permanence three
forms of activity appear soon or late and the prosperity, if not the life,
of the community depends upon its ability to reconcile these'clashing
forces. Traditionalism, rationalism, and mysticism have entered into the
composition of Isllm, as into that of other religions. Early in the
twelfth century, after long and acrimonious struggles, the Sunnite divi-
sion of the Community, in the person of al-Qaxiililr,. the most illustrious of
all Muhammad's followers, reached an adjustment in which all three
trends were accepted and combined. The achievement of this integration
did not, of course, stabilize Sunnite Islam completely. Nevertheless,
al-0azlli's work stands, for he recapitulated, in his own interior growth,
the developments of the centuries before him and, when he had attained
to a symbolic peace in his own soul, handed on to posterity an Isliim at
last mellow and mature.
Abu 1-Hasan al-APari, the author of the Ibdnah, is commonly re-
garded among his fellow Muslims as the founder of the school to which
a1-6azZli, as a theologian, belonged. These two persons with a third and
earlier one, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, are of cardinal importance in Muham-
madanism. Ahmad (died 855) stood for the primitive Isllm of Muham-
mad's Companions. To his mind, revelation and tradition, accepted with
no attempt to resolve their disharmonies, were the groundwork of reli-
gion. He was a fundamentalist, an obscurantist, an authoritarian. He
could not abide speculation on theological questions. However, less than
a century later, al-Mari (died 935), a liberal reconverted in middle life
h
* to orthodoxy, succeeded, while professing to bt! an a d h e & Ahmaqs,
in drafting the kal&m,' or dialectical method, into the service of Sunnite
theology. When his work was done, institutionalism and rationalism had
& ' come to terms. It remained only for al-Oadli to introduce the third
'\car'> dement, mysticism, into their union.
(,hO
' Each of these men may be regarded as the most eminent and successful
D rrpresentative of a certain drift in the Isl5mic religion. Others, hom-
<>&,XI$
rrcr, had attempted what only they accomplished. Ahmad was not thr:
P-
Literally "speech." Thr word was npplicd not only to the clialcctical method.
I
@ i+,,-' hut also to the dircussionn in which it was used and the body of doctrine that
resulted.
1
? ,T+
-,\
cv
L-
..,0 Al-ZbcZnah 'An Usul Ad-DiycZnah The First Thl-ee Centuries of IslcZm 3
only traditionist; others before al-AB'ari had tried to take away the
cerning which some accused others of error and some repudiated
reproach of the knldrn, and two of his contemporaries were pioneer theo-
others, with the result that they were split up into distinct factions
logians like himself; and finally al-Qaziili, from one point of view, simply and various parties. Nevertheless, lsliim embraces and includes
marks the culmination of a sequence of developments clearly traceable in them all.
the theologians of the Marite school. Neither did these key figures lack The first dissension to arise among the Muslims after the death of
their Prophet was their disagreement regarding the imkmate.2 This
successors. About 1300 Ibn Taynliyyah revived Ahmsd's rigorism, and
is the way it came about. When God took the Prophet and trans-
again in the eighteenth century Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhiib returned to the same lated him to Paradise and the abode of Bis favors, thes H$e1 -e rs met &% ;nil
simple position. Al-AE;'ari7s school elaborated his teachings, and all in the porch of the Banii Sg'idah in al-Madinah an eclded to
Sunnite Isllm, since al-Oazili's day, has borne the stamp of the great invest Sa'd ibn 'Ubgdah with the imiimate. Abii Bakr and 'Umar b-
Sheikh's doctrine and practice. Nor were the three leaders wholly suc- learned of it and made for the meeting of the 8H- with some
of the Emigrants.* Ab6;Pakr informed them that the imiimate
cessful. Ahmad's heroic witness to the truth as he accepted it did not belonged exclusively to t%e Qurayr! and quoted against them the F0
extirpate rationalism, nor did al-Azari's kaldm make a complete end Prophet's words "The imkmate belongs to the Quray8;" whereupon .
of it, for in the thirteenth century it still flourished in Persia and Fabr . q they yielded, being convinced by this argument, and returned obe- 2>u
ad-Din ar-RBzi, a member of the AB'arite school, adopted some of its 6: dientlg to the truth. Afterwards the He1 ers said, "Let us choose ,- \
doctrines. In the West al-ABari and al-Oaziili were execrated. a leader (ornir), and you choose a lead+~ftemards Al-Qubiib
ibn al-Mundir unsheathed his sword and said, "I am their well-
It is evident, then, that the course of change through which the maill ' ' rubbed stock and their propped-up palm. Who will do battle with
stream of Isllm passed was far from being a simple one. But what of me? " Afterwards Qays ibn Sa'd undertook to aid his father Sa'd
-&
the separatists? Each group had its own origin, its own history. Some ('5 ibn 'ITbiidah, so that Tmar ibn al-gat@b made his well-known
have survived to the present, others have perished or continued only in statement about him. Then they acclaimed Abii Bakr, agreed upon
his imlmate, were of one accord regarding his caliphate, and yielded
attenuated or modified forms. How can this welter of sects be made /bJ+
obediently to him; and he fought against the renegades because of WuCLA~-=h.
intelligible to a novice? It is only against the background of Isliim's
& their defection, just as the Apostle of God had fought against them
political history that its religious development can be presented to the because of their unbelief; wherefore God gave him victory over them
reader with a semblance of clarity and order. The justice of this obser- all and aided him against all the backsliders, and there was a general
vation is amply confirmed by the opening paragraphs of the earliest ex- return to Isliim, and God made clear, by his agency, the illuminating
truth. The disagreement after the Prophet's death concerned the
tant work dealing with religious groups in Mul~ammadanism,a l-AB'ari's
imlmate, and no other difference arose during the life of Abii Bakr
31aqdldt :
or in the time of 'Umar, until 'Ut_miin ibn 'AffBn was in power, and
certain persoss, in his latter days, disapproved of his acts-persons
For him who seeks knowledge of religious groups and the ability
who sinned in the accusations they made against him, departing
to tell them apart acquaintance with the opinions and the views held from the strait and narrow path. Hence it was that the things of
in IslPm is essential. I have seen people, in the accounts they give
which they disapproved in him became a source of dissension that
of the various views and in the books they write on the philosophical
has continued to the present day. Then he was assassinated and
schools and the religious groups, err (1) hy treating their subject they disagreed concerning his assassination. As for the upright fol-
too concisely; or (2) by making a faulty statement of their oppo-
nents' beliefs; or (3) by l~oldlyg iving a false account with the intrrl- aloswsaesrssi nosf stlheew shuinmn nwh:r otnhgefyu lslyay. a, n"d R uen rwigahs tebolatimsleyl.e"s s iOn thhiesr sa cmtsa;k eh ias
tion of discrediting those who differ fmrn thctn; or (4) by makirlp
contrary statement. This is a matter of disagreement among people
110 attempt at thoroughness in their report of the different views; to the present day.
or (5) by tacking onto the beliefs of their opponents what they sup-
Then 'A1 ibn Abi TBlib was acclaimed caliph ; whereupon people
pose is perforce proved to follow from these beliefs. (This is the
method neither of the rabbis nor of thosc wise scholars wlto nrr
The person who sncceedcd to the Prophet's leadership of Islam was called the
t~ hi:lr~etlf iuralt. o hniilrnek ei ntohven (n1 rmcees stiolr yu ndi~sltienrctatikocntl sl.c) foMllyo wexip~elcr~ixe ~ncjoess itailoosln lgl. " caliph " ( Ambic halifah " vicar " or " substitute ") , the " imdm," and the
fhr r~u(stio1o1f views alld to (10 it ill brief (:onlpiiss, ilvoicli~rnl cngtlly " l=e aSdcecr I)(Ca~Om\Vi,r 5). of the faithful." ' 1,. e.
a1id ~I~t;liletdrr ;~tnlc111t.T b(1gin my cs1)ositi01lo f tllee tlllllnSw it11
t, Muhnn~mxd's tribe. Thry were dcfcatcd at thc Battle of Badr (024) and
Cotl's 11vlp ;it111 l)y I l is I)O\V(~I.. accepted Isl%~inu 630.
.Zfter the l'roplwt's (lcatli mcln disagreed ilbol~tm any tltirlgs, r8oli-
I'lurnl sunan. The custom of the Prophct.
5
4 Al-IbGnuh 'An U@l Ad-Diganah The First Three Centuries of IsIrEm
disagreed as to his authority: some denied that he was idm; others to 'Ali ibn Abi TBlib; and it became a matter of disagreement that
refused him active support; still others asserted their belief in his has lasted to the present dag.O'
imiimate and accepted his caliphate. This is a matter of disagree-
ment among people to the present day. What are the facts?
Then arose the dissension in 'A1iJs time concerning the authority
Muhammad had been both a prophet and a political leader. In the
of Tmah and Az-Zubayr and the war they waged with him,
former capacity he had enjoyed unrestricted authority and none of his
and concerning Mu%wiyahYsc ontest with him. 'Ali and Mu'iiwiyah
met at &fEi, and 'A11 fought with Mu'iiwiyah until the swords of Companions could legitimately dream of inheriting either his gifte or his
both sides were broken, their lances drooped, their strength was prestige. Unfortunately, when he died, his prophetic legacy was in
spent, and they sank to their knees. When they stood thus face to chaotic condition. The Qur'Bn, which for most parties in IslBm has
face in fear and hatred, Mu'iiwiyah said to 'Amr ibn al-'As, 0
" always been the primary source of belief and discipline, had yet to be
'Amr, isn't it true that you have never yet been in a difficult position
. . . collected, and was not in fact issued in acceptable form until about
without being able to find a way out of it? 'Amr ibn al-'&
"
said to him, The condition I make is that you do not remove Egypt twenty years after Muhammad's death. From the start, the task of the
"
from my control so long as I live." He replied, "It is granted, Community was to apply the revealed truth it possessed-a truth as yet
by the faith and covenant of God !" 'Amr said, " Let the command uncodified-to questions as they arose, and to develop principles to con-
be given to lift up the exemplars of the Qur'iin, then let the Syrians
say to the 'Irgqites, ' 0 'Iriiqites, the Book of God is our judge. A trol its application. Intertwined with this problem was another, that of
the selection of a ruler, and its solution admitted of no delay. In the
truce, a truce! ' Then, if he grants you what you desire, his fol-
lowers will quarrel with him; and, if he quarrels with you, his temporal sphere the Prophet's authority had been less absolute than in
followers will quarrel with him." 'Amr ibn al-'5% in the counsel he the eternal, but it can hardly be doubted that his nominee for the cali-
gave, was like one who beholds secret things from behind a thin phate, had there been one, would have been accepted with little question.
veil. Therefore Mn'iiwiyah commanded his followers to raise the
There is, however, no certain evidence that he had committed the govern-
exemplars and to carry out the directions of 'Amr ibn al-'As. Then
ment of the Community to any single person. The Si'ah, the party that
they did so, and the 'Irlqites made a demonstration against '&i and
would hear of nothing but arbitration, requiring him to send an later supported the claims of 'Ali, the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law,
arbitrator and Mu'iiwiyah to send an arbitrator, Hence 'Ali con- maintained that Muhammad had "designated" 'Ali to succeed him.
sented to the demand of the 'Iriiqites, when he saw that they would
Abii Bakr, on the other hand, is represented as enunciating the principle
not accept a refusal. When 'Ali had consented, and Muciiwiyah and
that the imam or caliph is to be chosen from the Qurays, and Sunnite
the Syrians had sent 'Amr ibn al-'iis as arbitrator, and 'Ali and the
'Iriiqites had sent Abii Miis5 as arbitrator, and these two had ex- Isliim accepted this principle. The truth seems to be that Muhammad
changed pledges of good faith, 'Ali's followers fell into disagree- had left no ruling in the matter. It was to be anticipated that grave
ment with him. They said, " God has said, ' fight against that party differences of opinion would exist in the absence of such a pronouncement.
which doth the wrong, until they come back to the precepts of
The kernel of the caliphate problem, to which most of the theological
God; ' but He does not say, ' Arbitrate with them.' (They are the
daerences of Isliim are closely or distantly related, lies in the state of
wrongdoers.) Therefore, if you resume hostilities with them and con-
fess that you played the part of an infidel in consenting to their affairs that existed in al-Madinah in 6332, at the Prophet's death. There
proposal of arbitration, well and good; but, if not, we will fight with was as yet no legitimist faction: 'Ali's title to the caliphate, later so
you and war against you." Then 'Ali said, " I refused to do what you insistently urged, found no effective sponsors at that time. Three other
demanded at the beginning of this affair, but you would hear of noth-
parties, however, can plainly be discerned. The Emigrants had shared
ing except my consenting to what they asked, so I consented and
persecution with the Prophet and followed him to al-Madinah. The
exchanged pledges of faith with them. I cannot go back on my
word." Th"er.ef ore they mould hear of nothing but deposing him Helpers, inhabitants of the town, had rallied to his cause. His conquest
and declaring him an infidel because of the arbitration. They of the QurayB had brought these former enemies of his to their knees, but
"went out in opposition to him, and for this reason they are they remained opportunists and self-seekers despite their profession of
called the Biirijites, namely because they "went out in opposition
" IslLm. The Helpers had a candidate at the first election, against whom
Abii Bakr, the most venerable and esteemed person in the Community
'If Mu'Lwiyah will make 'Amr governor of Egypt for life, 'Amr will render
at that moment, won the day. Much of his energy, during his short
tho needed assistance.
'
Qur'fin 40. 9. See below, 6.
6 Al-Zb&nah 'An Ugul Ad-Diyanah The First Three Centuries of IsZanz 7
rule, was devoted to stabilizing the organization of Islam in Arabia. were in part disloyal or unreasonable trouble makers (largely from the
Before his death he nominated 'Umar, the next caliph. The decade of tribe of Tamim), in part QurEn scholars. They were beaten by 'Ali at
the latter's tenure of office was the golden period of Arab rule. The NahrawSn the year after the arbitration (658). 'Ali died at al-Kiifah
swift extension of Muslim power to Syria, 'Iraq, Persia, and Africa made (661) by the hand of Ibn Muljam, one of these fanatics, after witnessing
organization essential, and under the circumstances this organization the steady growth of MuEwiyah7sf ortunes.
had to be of a military nature. The Arabs were quartered in immense The JiJirijites gave small comfort to the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs,
camps. An effort was made to preserve the simplicity and mobility of which began with Mu'awiyah. Their exploits, however, are of no rele-
desert life. The soil of the subdued countries was left in the hands of vance here. We have only to evaluate their influence on orthodox the-
the vanquished, who had to pay a tax on it. Settled occupations were ology. They were at one in branding 'Ali as an infidel for consenting to
made taboo for the Muslims. The revenues derived from land- and poll- the arbitration. They had recourse to the Qur'iin to prove this and other
taxes, as well as the booty that came into the possession of the Arab points.ls 'Ali, they asserted, was the "bewildered man," l4 and the
forces, were spent in the maintenance of the victors. 8Hrijites who fought with him at Nahrawiin were "his companions
"
A little corruption sficed to bring this halcyon era to a close. When, who call him to the true guidance." Again, 'Ali was "the man who
"
at 'Umar7s death, 'Utmiin prevailed over the other members of the group surpriseth thee by his discourse concerning this life present," and Ibn
of six named by 'Umar as eligible to the caliphate, the beginning of dis- Muljam, his murderer, was "the man . . . who selleth his lli5fe out of
union was in sight. 'Uimh was an Umayyad.ll He was charged with desire to please God."
l6
displaying unjust favor towards his kinsmen and friends, dissatisfaction The garijites maintained that the caliph needed no dignity of birth,
grew, and &ally he was slain in- al-Madinah (656) by a group of rebels but only the qualification of righteousness; and that if he lost this claim
headed by Abii Bakr's son. to his position he was to be deposed. Their intercourse with the Mus-
The leaders of Isliim were now hopelessly at odds. They had scarcely lims outside their own sect gave occasion for the development of theo-
lifted a hger to prevent the murder of 'UtmZin, but, the deed once done, logical differences within the giirijite group. What was the religions
vengeance was demanded. 'AE accepted the caliphate, only to cope with status of these Muslims? Were they to be slain and spoiled at all times,
trouble in all quarters. At the Battle of the Camel he whipped 'Pigah, or only in open war? Were their children to be killed at once or allowed
Talhah, and Zubayr, but when Mu'iiwiyah, to whom the Umayyads had to reach maturity and then compelled to choose between faith (Hiirijism)
committed their destinies, met him in combat at Siffin, his descent to and infidelity (non-giirijite Islam) ? What was the proper attitude
ruin commenced. Mu'iiwiyah, worsted, appealed to the Book to compose towards the stay-at-homes in their own ranks, those who refused to " emi-
their differences. The Qur'iin readers in 'Ali's ranks called loudly for a grate" to battle? The Azraqites were the strait sect among the @hi-
favorable answer to this proposal. Against his better judgment, 'Ali jites. Moderation found a place with the Najdiyyah and the IbHdiyyah.
made a tragic concession. Two commissioners were appointed to arbi- The question of mortal sins was the most important of the many ques-
trate between the rivals: 'Amr ibn al-'As representing Mu6%wiyah;A bii tions under discussion. All except the Najdiyyah considered mortal sin
Miisii al-AS'ari, an ancestor of our al-AB'ari7s, acting for 'Ali, to whose unbelief and were convinced that the mortal sinner would suffer eternal
cause he was not deeply attached. These two came to an understanding punishment. The liberal factions softened this doctrine, and in their
before the formal meeting, and, when the court sat, Abii Mtha betrayed theology, which distinguished at least five grades of belief and unbelief,
his superior, and 'Ali was deposed. Immediately the decision became there was an effort towards a milder and more reasonable solution of the
known, a group of malcontents went out to make common cause with problem.
another*p arty, which had forsaken 'Ali on learning that the Qur'Sn was The Uiirijites were not the only sect that owed its origin to 'AliJs mis-
not, after all, to determine the issue. These people, the first Biirijites,'" fortunes. It was to be expected that some Muslims would feel he had
been defrauded of his rights in being passed over at three elections and
'l The clans of HZiim and Umayyah were separate groups withiq the tribe of
raised only late in the day to the caliphate. 'Abdalliih ibn Sabii', a con-
QurayB. The Prophet and the 'Abbssid caliphs were HiiBimites, while 'Utman
and the Umayyad caliphs belonged to the other group. verted Jew, had hailed 'Mi with the words, " Thou art Thou," meaning.
la From haraja "to go out." On the other names applied to them see Maqcibit
127. 128. la Ibid. 102. 103. Qur'Hn 0. 70. l6 Ibid. 2. 200. 'l Ibid. 2.203.