AL-ANDALUS AND 1492

22 Pages·2010·1.75 MB·English

SIPANDALUS AND 1492: THE WAYS QF REMEMBERING

MARSA ROSA MENOKAL,

1. Forgeghinent

Jean s mio geviar and ambiguous giniversay that is celebrated fn thie
Yehuns and sewer chsghour rush of the woe in 12 pleted te
vide ths ineducaMle riage of ies ath, Vin some convene
Bfate&rersrizhir begining, de Dich sy aialy vw onda a we
call she "New Weald" ober: wil lamer the vars ends das ave I
etl i 20 the ih he shacting ofthe inigerenechations oF
‘i we ear come Log se Amarin, and tke O39 Wea, on Ihe
en ages oF ie Spats ews and We termination of a-Ancalon, These
Ine rwu exdings are ake dead explicit Ueda Remhs: te explore are
4 c¥teal aspeet of se palieal nt idecoplil entngencs Hat ae
Se el posh, hat Seine sat kas anal could do ncaing st
ing west nea words. oa aur ennansts of ey fre damp a are,
sre cera in the broadest insuetiorl context, early, noe
rom death, hegssge een Yrmunati, ad ust perso
Licsingie moe yin and simp exe 15 edo ae atin
Scteieg ages an compass fend an the chm world he ale
Mack ofthis wclume evakes he efi sunning des uf a spectator
fr serpin ist 169 tals laegey ene te Mie Bacopean ahd
erence. rand ane means He. eeuse he anuseals ell
‘et pat, dsc we Kaw abel arta, abet the founding of Ree
oa terug i the Aece, abo Keisance Flevene® Bot ee
ors, tet recmtings, tate founds sliss ene plies We paso
or msi slrqecrary educa and mies ane vis, bacauce a
thseoh he ahenias ow he Pelapoinesan Fa, ned Rome ta caked in
"an ie deh of arena de: Med! wen roti atthe ne Une OF
se wt roan uf ics cf 1493, we see the sey stages! Om Son
Pew. Ba, a Aneulus ae jut Torreon? Inve dsansed eensvey
tower ve cneing Dac has become feels. 8h les ut: Def
shaver corsusie of wesernese we viet define aselven ant wi
‘eas sands iene 29, ascent} aaa chaining and exaue jews!
ovat its cuallyitperant pate andsres ent he cua ee ened
by sme ve F-edarneril pees Inthe regado oP rds eo
ines acd fen gut hs anniversary, wich m evga eke wha
ae ania Rese SNA

nat weave, reves on eaely néierent ren fr the dsr ha
"HOE abou sumon np The aportvautar stuns and ltl of wos,
jhe actired and any eves eal ake ep shat Tscal an frayinentr,
eel

Tadeed, she sediovt won which ean paably Ada (asd ty hie
saan, in ahonand, te wow reveling te sper elvis elon
[Mlctles ea ake she reactant sng ued th sess of Hie “Sesee
Jagce” mutiple se every language, be aside ae ausde We Whose
‘ormnole ech eat any fo a eo te Kind of smooth an can
Foun nase aor histviagrapiy tases an ue seaae of adeny ee
jvnaed ba 4 fonament Te mur c& croc ways WhAmDsls a4 ay
progeny Gey are wany ing medieval Europe far less codes.
Prey hay than we Dave Sagivad-—ta® pesenal 9 vitals sco
Chet vetenge so th wnat of Esopenn ul ad hry: 222
Janhip fe ontinsy of wl Toler spktos salle De grr
os feta heey earl i a 2 NL Abus en tah, o> .2
dpe w heres of grammer The cru Zaesien is hun rerenit
Seelunspanetory on or avery thas 1 loicly easels. &
Monnaie eet rat de cbc for tog who believe tl Andalite
soy rival ang foundation a de orving eu: of Facopean suse oxie
Danese nie incase hve deve a nceribg eno a
ese ju cute rate cf wo asec pasta vee Bi tel
eclges at Andale: Fant to <-g808 -wle Eez tt the meray
Sandulse muse be evaked duh Vacsatun aad che smagsahon, 296}
Situ topales seo sengly prac rtesaions 9 wansio0
Joo andern seins can adaie er medieval pest an gs Eventos 9
telah fnelua gulls as enc nod 468 Se ean use te eins] 23
FBinscen ar inzeeve! ronplcions were made, pour. lo imsne a esac
ramming Ie our ons Pernape nS, 6 cuz beh i sew Le
Tel edeinneiter ey tegen nares ps

wy fs se cate 1 ema he motes: snes tat conn he wo
roghal sgeee mw fough oseaped He sect, sal Soin? Te
aero se en nese ees, We igs 204 fs at
Smlouce ef he pesli Wstceal cavamslawes chat revlleérexthy
Deeweandajtil ene GUE/H62, Thee. of eras ade oaryeg pict 9
Toovan Peninsla an evn of speuklirg tux made gp of Arbre
PebweedTeisn apt Latins ian elas, na almost of wees of
roves nd disttutions (er ue feces, ns espe, srcorsh
Flaster aren "Cision? coniguears eae lb 4
(Gh tem mae igificaiy, peas, ses n Fyn envy whee eerd
rsiecrenched, oud tom sien. the pei rem the ABT 2
Sn OF RENENATEESE 285

the O/H. eearces-wersenslisdyIhe rea of hat vers hyde
Deel colt instaceon afnch was fr Sem allay pce. Sa hich
hen qven in suf, seem ignite ané pro and pref. Thus, Ue
Sieroter Kewl Fhe bean 39 ell foe Funpean Bistros
cian ayreuplan histo af anata, one easiness into he
Eoyaan soecnoum iat reer chan rating itv sepaate and very oS
eke ths! fy aromaaus ewok ferent ferme of wt se
peict Baroy eas

‘sei sie 0 i ia 1 haces psu iculy—as for an
cnn season, ues Gesese ont canon age famed ad eabrted
he ena ait 2h ochre, ove nn alow Es he eesence of seu
ently win eet fa epsemnlogsal ot fx haginabveapstens, ACIS
tes Rene nf Ir pty oes not allow ia a Laguic evel, One ne
tevrtce g nto clone of "rice? though 2 strongly beer th
Gheles ta pant hr the mow ealenany vss nto Farag cous
fgaioe wars thetred, gare logis hy te eal lamguageevFars om
gris brag ae ne Ie dsipines ware being Uelines ad es
“inte How coud toatl he aderase” Or. ght sy, sm» of ri
BER et ths iii Ie act cerespnd to objective ngesbe erie
ie fence te score tangy are sept fm the Kemaner and st Fo
Tare pest bv hte grace rors! the to bef fa he maja rei
ene it ffeil meibee wher fe peed anees2 foci en, the Boat
lhate Inga! taco or the encase of comme! and shaping Ata
“heer inte hisiery of Lore us he sablaaia of enmemperary pile
usc detceton: of eae ener Ab wre. of OME, S85
Fie Esupd me rods, of Gees metal, Mae served as rece
Feel bites ahd Wines."

ioe prea Sposn thei asaphoncue Ag, the grew eeeption 2
the etogiea rah, Tes he sgt congas case ir wien te cima
ers fusing ie Te0D ue owl ut aa ers seemingly 3
sEihteow Beorehaed. Tesoninmin wo be ested, allie cfr wi nue
Tarcanges in he aeficxcone sf knowledge da any cen fr Grama
‘Sooke mice few whch dee sp dnsily Mapprapsate if ore ms staling
me ooesen” {he post Raman: histone fe Moers ninco, ThO8,
‘opeeie where teedevativh. de ol, ws ue, Know even te 0 Me
frog ssasiea” hegaages coring in the Paaicls over a pisces
prado? Une ed Hispone Habrasl ce Atsss ese vot, oan
em ned > few the eh mel the wud Remarc spake
‘Chua caee, by he people 1 hoe cam cates ey ae "expen"
‘he eae fer depress and pore Ofte cil canon ot
ove ivf mag ce do rh eack eee sents ofthe pee SS
inthe AhdD3E cena et on? heed ne 4950 abe ao, bol whens
Tacpioyo-aae” mabe van 42 Rave weg arya whe clara SP
286 aad ROSH HANA

‘easoh hat aur owe hixorogrphy considers tering pla nesters Bs
tery what Hasan alld ene Reaalsance be 12th ener #

agar what i nid sid renal al the canonisl aries 2 &
magpie secsty were not Byssed or estbbabed Mevendy—gate
ply Recaue xis such an ex2epetnaly seen: case, # eats tha i nat
fn De maggne either of story» of Europe. a dais very cots. Is
fer words one tuck dato t wou. doe, be an "expe
Tee ar Arabic cltme az § prep comorent of clams tae were no
‘Shecquney. wall Arles not aed tn oosive a ass for ine
SRreplon wort making, dw #4 au, 19 Tae cares of calor develo
Tank hee rues differen Kinds of progeammes al eed its ala
(hare presracions. "Vie sor of apt Eat i then pines es. oF Ie
Tony. pen Ia he fic exon the coral pacameses of 9H; seman,
ape a requely appt Une 2E cenmnry "Spa 1k resuline
‘ircsiy in severe coral gemncatlons whens amie tare wi probe
Fynndness Thue tts pete such ay the reowasishohot se dried up
ony Ge ongeage Hage chal define moder ipertneail sical
via reu Tn groesna Ine? avons ihn che posits Demat
flaw mary coher cltwatlsraare sod ares ca one wane, oF even Psa
tomaging. whee the dvs and eRe oft ese aye a2 eer
(So mepinge on paste ao Teas wy af past so chal ise pems are
Teed op seep Py spl, antong eh Tent degen? Ave te ft
eceropms of mawaaiiboks part of he Ride bv, snd i 3 shih
Bam eas tebe ret a1 and dts aby repeater
Maes ner sane pat of Brn spe Ll cab nw posbly, 768 N= ron!
‘Rade nowal dnsionsof knomatge—oor lenscages —atd hal Hes alow
rye aging. tun fo vrapive he oars that ote ns poe” Hi 630
selon in fe gin ta 6oth porns sce or cane Fes si te,
Thos dy do ne ent-Ths tha ieoneo? hs varivn, steming Isat
tenensal alam of s-Andaln

‘Fs teats poi iaife argon ww ithe spain sega ae
she enna ead ely tu sho asym ode ine,
Frese bara aston there Is males be de cut, Deca ne
‘Rigor make ans f the raion nett staners require ally w le
{Beeson Cam one ee aie ha spurreisof Spania— toes
Mrgle crane fl refine er negra 0 Ba he eva 20m
Jovbo ie pretoniandy Ara2! Une xm s5punse ane faked sce
ac otene no peal sy © ater Bs con fand by the ons rican
(herd fem te eta of departs dsr un the secre
eSfopvelaaruoles and eventing m bebe, een ia ve aca tH,
Srerb tr san: despite the bers, ees sty argue wa a ish sleuth
url nmenisthos sromsy asa ee ccen rendered avis, Tosti
spends, Sgarah departments ead Errata sen In Ssh, an thf
ALANDALTS OD 107: TR HATE ORREMEGENNS = 487

sarc of a-AnSausaiten in ter lnngoages Isms paso the purview! of
the deger"nenie (And of nore, what one is fcatang by apelying ©
eyes ofc eo the eral canara oF wha “9 cle
fed wot fmol) He weve nl 30 inbaeby wach fe some CUTent
sons of schosaly propriety, pechops his sitvaon, coud be significantly
ered

Tred, the fs step in creating a cane tat eu sondutve toa lg
isi isber vinon of medicval Spon sthe alot shuchingly imple cu
nealing dat renrsable commande shou! exit wrileen ihe
Sone Pat ested Ths sa en se are ex "wh spe
erelatve "True scolar work wi erg ons. Wal, ye, and 0. a
Senet “origin! Dangoage” vers" ensLsa setae bez out to be
fot eles Inaction, ors ef eeranably wisespesd rperaoslors, oo: af
fone seemingly sai probleme an apparent mater of del nch, peer
fener sciaity eval esinsives 0 be the genoa least ne oF
fe Rear —of the mtr Tek the sc ke tha wt canna gle
ve cetembsr ance a pare of oor post sue eri we mish Hp of
nr pres clre, Wy eating ene swe gues ened 3
oeound and unsthoirly ty mary, mili iyo conidenog why he
‘,so~ond why 1am suggesting we trek therales,

{cis tury sarprvng il picuaty Inthe lngcage and Userarge
Iwansh of shelaabip, ete oval above sinter iia
“cdeueo hat of being ub o Weck the "es”Serguages ie este we
dea! cn ‘The nove piles, of eure, ben 2 gute ress
tive emerpnaas and in many way one ersion 6 water of le pate
geallngale entertie has remained dorant. Tae ras cri of all
tasks fore pilleg't was Sand in cei gen hs Arie, tly
Sn be! de satis of eden of tee, Bone cf the cena
‘spect of ha wedsien which appease ineteasingly din a modern Uses
ftimontig fr the "eave epeckes" und the “erga et" ded schol.
Farol nese te 2ave auythng Eke the lad of “naive” noweige tbe
languages whose txt they tee Oi the coca. ary a perple
soci bave isin realy waning we apesk te angusge be grat ae
beable ro rans

Dole er ence again, necessary oh she values thr may be Po
tie in some acne ta ater eas, Its one sg a foqure stants fo beable
Ic apenk Foe csv eead in ode ake a survey eens
is Doth ceriny Prem Inet, whic Uke mpleadens and the ne
foot a compscese queen: belorew sled cn amocy Whe wre MAD
eninstir versio ofthe Thousand an One Nights ot iors Pw a
fava ore rable ditto. & great deel of lariaton is meee. bat
Petheps one shou, forse manent omer teers ae a Wana
Dar ant do era co aera lar eons Or of Be eral Ena
ose teams Rosa oo

‘we forges when we Hghtcouly hold up the ie of plugy Is tha a De
Jot of Br pnlologeat enters et pee: he nor of sree) ca
‘rl bands (haha ed oy fy abou fe foonding ome end nt abou,
{lee of Crnde—a it would br daingeaozes to argue hat tis benase
tee al ea the Aamo in Ln bat ca rend Pon Hz i sang,

Tnded. itis, ovetwhsimingy,gosge and idelogialy Send ned. 7
cedvad vale, dha lead fo the poral, wie frend af he line, of beng
Siew read ewes cle te nical, only Seti” eins anes,
Sone degee Fit sophisallon. 1 shoold be no Jee ear that her
wricton e© preige dod nae dictate what angunges ae ste td
tnd. aleogh wowdays one hens aa excrmics amnunt of dacsuna abet
“Jetea”eonlrationstwaod tla haters reste mods
Bi heid say -serainy noarg eee coud explain (ve enatning 2a
Sp othe nade of Pench, hy xargs, AE Aalals, of couse snot pt
Tabs sgican gf our xual oul “edge” ne sone oe
erred it les we ise dve major suromvat! ororues 8th Rus of
fhe memucaiste enerpare le Ihe Gestion of percept atl evalebon
‘iy sent we En abou 7 hy shal tis be 2 par oF ry sak
cof led ten of mes of gst

Sa grat resouse, 1 hae Ui aac bce psi one sao bg de
ther nveaeg the ext co welt evans tha orga hs
Folie irl Fo place dis of their He fe 9 eesngy adhere
isn ive based othe oclug ads and coal wiles of the!
fpomcnk une oy showing nw our Gos tanas’ Heoogiead reed and se
reais ave net ony sastanials eer, st patente
ove sonal rls inthe making of the Wes, fr wha as Dike Zr at
Ipondparens Bot bepur that, a he Bear of os ideslegical and 20
ee ae enarise, mst, for prac ical aR obvi reasons, Ve the Bs
Sed ese Tei oly Dt fst sch sm ued re Bit secessiyceslaon
hins neo prneral eauoncal-epaterlogioat dalieaioes ean byps. 3

sea pully, Ge Darr of knew ay” and i ca nats th
ovine exan lsipises bounties The bjctive scl stan
par sequen tes as aernun schoo eo week ony i he ei
ge sam ely rsatrabis apply i g88 whore prestige ers as
Eetdad a wey of people asi owns wat he ewigitat texts This art
Spee ease a und adhere Mac ane extras. coms
Me Shgtening of te pele he cle Foo ges an war a a
[hourpud ond One ght ol fea 350 id un deze abd oze
hanes cndesgrsuate and rate ai, use be ren sat inate
Swings Rods or eweyarairs Wasstupesiseratcne wd atl and
"era hei of Europe sacar a alls conte in HEH
peat por at least ofthe vat paroyy of "MdLe Eastern” Der are—sga
fie wenwarions—os sawn tbe meppes a athes West (the Wei
IperBar rere ey tht prgove Bach row wanes 9 EMS
ALANDALLE AND Ms TE WAYS OF REMEMBERS ED

Fines, co. ouiyeneayh, the tanned lest nwa esa she other en
fhe specie a well dhe weeks fl end up being graned “World er
lure atc are veal overvketming in uaneaton, he ad and he Oy
15. & Wor and Pesee, or the Divine Coma were red ony nthe ai
Tangueges, and were elicosatle aly Dy neve hols wha Z0uld werk th
em In the crlata, haa che cum we sanly hive waold sare be
ots Wl af haco—ata unas he see and Furdemnanocaas 6 have
those cet’ ceiee ae Farin and cena past ofthe "alan
sre cla fr our 0.

Buu peep Ue stromsestargucien! an make ete ane mo xpi
roma rans ev ook ba sie us ofthe oor are
‘Ping te ceontine, 9 ember. nd, ome auch 2 pexspecte,
cevlling won in eral genet” Et fr te pec Herel
“rnin: we ora tyeng to reaplre ie Arie moment ie Europes Btn
‘eas lal eo aang when an eneardiary amount of when Sk
teat be euled sehalarshie #35 wansaion and comaentay cn Ianlted
lest, ts Ayuint oie shines beceuc hr as an Avematt—Bectus ea
ig he rad ten Rush's Anseseian comimertartes 1 Lal? ts tha Rost
nse! to te dcopped from ou lit of sartiesbscaute be wirhid wth
natsutone fem the Grek exis? Thus, the very nasil 0 Whe “i
fer” test we se acrod sacred ee sue onl ane vl ae
Pesular—ara woul demncoos Pe ena

‘A nthe Leary spers. no les. prhns moc, the secteur success
av :he Andalal pence He reise ints ngs ean oF Re
fet verde a he teen angst: whl, nde, could one elit 2
Deshe “angina” a “deinnse engvage of ene ie Ine widespread
(aatly sail “tok tales thal yermreted Burger Hray eule ee
erties Gos of ke ie angctraians of medio sukes—ane one
sheen kis arts hag: o¢ the prbalogica. energie fe ies of an
[Bk elute laevis vi bia tissllon sa gecondlny and dor
fre eto. Bud? wc ute as excplts serene lige the famed RT
Eve Madi, the he Wo hich the moe ate versione ofthe AI fan
Tetings. ne of stich eancus sob-aysles appear Byocghoue medevat
Tape becom czar hat te Very Geese he es bce in
sansatabity na ie epi ene denis of auton nd vigali=
fp The aig” canpnage sul et isoe hee arcs ale been 874 Ber
Ta, er hs ene mu che mv to deny Ine cenality ef And geese
‘nmedtovl Bote: gr the mari, we oe asd hal goes we che
re Ike ta phic! natal fy gy nated i primey man
Insens. cacsed the enoemous Umbesva: ey ad, and referee ot
ctr to thes vi. bie he eto! Pudors and the agente—che
Sormensrs, he starcellees-undersood how Wansluson, ei a hs
490 ant nos NCEA

sasiod Impedectons and Umaion, is olan I and corto el
“ahi the dep sapertfor am "ng ina” can mca ce st: Yeah for
{ex ng soeead, unheard akon.

"s eformasion, Utell. of he eanon fr hes ead 25 dict of
smote a¢ many cm to be. snd on 1992 wear perhaps fr close
eing Arado cote esis cena ete Europe ea han we
right sane TT am enching 28 undsigresune cmv ih ht meal
Terran Ino, for tramps. weg an aceon the Prvengal ezaer
teste al baionerevelytained European postr, oe 9 clave euner
change toad a bund! of De poems of ne Wano-Arable wadbor Go
diep vondated dato Eng by Tess Maagoe! and anal eft of te

be ot of Tah nL whlch a charming vole in Sas
fecearly comic, a well ana ad Wonder Saeh 3 ansdabons
TRevinone Stet. The eatre = al one. Eu fe mpc th sn
flea an conmiat spat, Is eras in oe suake te Western Is
Fredian, ac is ongins ding the forme stags of he vem ei
Ierevealed i multcalturl get ev vegoxs, ag Jewssh a Muslin 38
tea as Chowan, a© ards. om ste, dhe elope a ect
I irisions tal hat previously seperated Semc drum Romance att
feclosly eroded anda fears map of wie! Span —aud of well
cope aba -shole=has hegun io emerge Silden e ae able ¢ en
"ey, vase Hea rd rv toes a ae else oe be

‘ve om Tess retam t he tomes when fs tl Was about vere
orsoit srembt, eardere gap se of eur eke ube maging
{ese am 11a! wat we inet Be, and ot sometung 501 6
geo scald by Fechasns arenes Pt ist ald ee

DL. rages

hese ac Ihe Fs as af August, 482. Iu ela to stand onthe sks
In peat Spunish #8 Cha we sould be overetelmet.harly 2 9
Eni squete cach ot atch co sland, ts ek er he ships owned er
fovhanr The Dong of peopl age urscarl patlelars (da
fer ee and worst of se ate the fears, the wait, etal yay
Tine aosee stele und sips 9 depen. ind se ds Ihe
hur end the lace 2 rasan, save znevons 8 nat an at
deat isis an ssodaeInenbed ore the sacred vt, ame aE te
ved. Far the Jans of Seanad what Shisian nonstate wovlé eal
[peta ds st lage day ip tho wont Beloved of hurt ands he ore he
oss made Fern fg hat og, a Ca 2 pace of eae a empuy
fans a saepet"

That che sezond ussite ld coms, ni ohe second day vf August Rel
ten acu months betsy Sn Marc, ae poetanenuker Dirigo
Tou td he se cn us evo ce desea
ANAC A BE HE WAYS OF HSMN a

yrboshed poss ships and dy weve AU withthe snus of exe,
{ha cengling of he varcastar sorrow of Women and ede al he
‘Bul ohavang ef the mes. OF vous only au! I cpt OM fo tat
sbramet and begue ce Ue second of Abgoa enong the houses of eer
‘ld be reais reterhirg, the one eu cilsencorttcmote at schoo
‘ent yer [ea8ah he sar dy, But Rh te poof Palos been se Cade
vas Tarte ovtcromded wah ihe dew-Reacny spe tht Column gale
be ocean bl. The canta‘ws suggration as been made the! Chambon
lanefwas ts mse comtenaus of converte the Tarably convene Jew,
wswsly ready enufied by ther excensies devatons, ther ttical ant
Feb otetestions the benal and talc pans of Chrissy Bat
sith he “hay was mat raul srely mater fe he fequetey
vate chal lilory hose Ritesh mere aeleg enspicueus
Stoked out i ery day. om Os docs lf ove Spe. For in the pad
yess te ye: Reraigsnce writing a és immealate pst lo sor
"tspitign of at version of our Heiage, we Rad ne aA fl oxen
0 the ober thal uel apd ungrromatien<acoptony af sede, i
“bai clea evn to scholchles ata thus wopagee of eee and
acer af ese and sears, begen mal Be te Aeatccay ted fe
fiber Wi we have ce ef, ever contests all-in "el
Sie" ofthe oo eran. meaty wooo, and Her lps sme
fy cr as attaing “ensuidence” unt ve Uapraes to father exegens
The wed “eecidenes” el auggers ently rasan icersection et
eid Re gS mecnizut iV ewer ax aodamsi sd oboosy nea
inglss sevans razonal exes Bur exegesis iy romasle axe
‘sbunly renngfl elev of event Seki, Wek es wat
MSDs whet ws can stan lego how ts ag all aap today 50
‘shmely dedi ah Aral

We auld 22 Sole Wl, be sme cari se the Was Evenson
‘ds knowing tar dip Columbus eaves Spe she day 2 hs begin
ring of the weve? speci-—aen “Clam” ene! dhe St 3f dine
seers Tn sly fame bieraphy of Carla Samed ae Weston
‘uns th obstous and comida pater In stn how Columbus
ferrites gree the ese seen of he exRU i We fn wich
Sas vy he eves af te 580% ang all around Bi, which cbusty
ometed and er compared fs em obese misdh gte Sech-
oP ey he tects vee he ufc eae ens hal she
‘pel uy is Seamacels red yp sth the pathetic korean fast
fan wi Granada. i reeset » pnnepal andenoiatning rough
"aL Skafox evar hing Clem does fen I ngs approval oF
‘eetez Granted cay the conspicuous afore a the oaare af ec
bce ae ie Lig rvride cl 25 rp ef Ui Spain) 16
Sue hg sroctiog fm eto Pas, Cabo en ep re bee
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