Airworthiness: an introduction to aircraft flight certification: a guide to understanding JAA, EASA, and FAA standards

264 Pages·2009·1.447 MB·English

by  Florio, Filippo de

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Airworthiness
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Airworthiness
An Introduction to Aircraft
Certification
A Guide to Understanding JAA, EASA,
and FAA Standards
Filippo De Florio
AMSTERDAM• BOSTON• HEIDELBERG• LONDON• NEWYORK• OXFORD
PARIS• SANDIEGO• SANFRANCISCO• SINGAPORE• SYDNEY• TOKYO
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
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Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
First edition 2006
Copyright © 2006, Filippo De Florio. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
The right of Filippo De Florio to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
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without the prior written permission of the publisher
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Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material
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ISBN–13: 978-0-7506-6948-1
ISBN–10: 0-7506-6948-9
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Printed and bound in Great Britain
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Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
About the author xiii
Abstract xv
1 Flight Safety 1
2 Airworthiness 3
3 The ICAO and the Civil Aviation Authorities 5
3.1 The ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) 5
3.2 The Civil Aviation Authorities 9
3.3 The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) 10
3.4 The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) 14
3.5 The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 20
3.6 FAA activities 21
3.7 FAA certification 23
3.8 ‘One world, one goal: aviation safety’ 30
Notes 31
4 Airworthiness Requirements 33
4.1 Requirements, regulations, and standards 33
4.2 JARs and FARs 33
4.3 List of JARs and FARs directly or indirectly related to
airworthiness certification 34
4.4 Advisory material 43
4.5 EASA regulations 43
4.6 General considerations on airworthiness standards 46
4.7 JAR/FAR 21 59
4.8 EASA Part 21 60
4.9 Structure of aircraft airworthiness standards 61
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vi Contents
4.10 Aircraft airworthiness standard applicability 62
4.11 Airworthiness standards for unmanned aircraft 66
Notes 71
5 Type Certification 74
5.1 Type certification of aircraft, engines, and propellers 74
5.2 Parts and appliances approval 87
5.3 The master minimum equipment list/minimum equipment list 92
5.4 Type certification of imported products 93
5.5 Transfer of a type certificate 96
5.6 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness 98
5.7 Repairs 100
Notes 105
6 The Type Certification Process 108
6.1 JAA joint certifications and national certifications 108
6.2 The main phases and items of the JAA/EASA type certification
process 109
6.3 The FAA type certification process 116
6.4 The CPI Guide 119
6.5 FAA Order 8110.4, ‘Type Certification’ 124
6.6 Construction of prototypes and test articles 129
Notes 131
7 Production of Products, Parts, and Appliances 133
7.1 The JAA/EASA production organization 133
7.2 Production under FAR 21 137
Notes 140
8 Certificates of Airworthiness 141
8.1 Introduction 141
8.2 General classification 142
8.3 JAR 21 certificates of airworthiness 142
8.4 EASA Part 21 certificates of airworthiness 144
8.5 FAR 21 airworthiness certificates 147
8.6 Additional airworthiness requirements for operation 163
8.7 FAA operational standards (additional airworthiness requirements) 168
8.8 JAA/EASA operational standards (additional airworthiness
requirements) 182
Notes 192
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Contents vii
9 Flight Operation – Continued Airworthiness 194
9.1 Continued airworthiness 194
9.2 Airworthiness Directives 219
9.3 Older aircraft 221
9.4 Extended range operation for two-engine airplanes (ETOPS) 224
9.5 Safety assessment of foreign aircraft 231
Notes 237
Bibliography 239
Index 241
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Preface
This book is based on my book Aeronavigabilita(Airworthiness), written in Italian at the end
of the 2002, and published by IBN Editore, Rome.
Despite their many commonalities, EASA, the FAA, and other national aviation authorities
regulate airworthiness in different ways. For this reason this book retains concepts that can
be applied generally, avoiding, as far as possible, references to a specific national system or
to detailed procedures that are likely to be quickly superseded.
Here is what I wrote in 2002 as the Foreword to Aeronavigabilita:
I wrote these notes in order to provide the book I wish I had when, ‘in the last century’, I
began to be interested in aircraft certification.
The book has an informative character; it is written to offer a panoramic view of airworthi-
ness and it is not intended to be a ‘certification manual’. I have tried to express the concepts
of airworthiness from a general point of view, without going into the detail of procedures
which are likely to evolve quickly with the substantial changes that are foreseen in the avia-
tion certification authorities. Regardless of this the basic philosophies of airworthiness are
unlikely to change significantly and familiarity with the basic principles of the subject –
either from the point of view of the regulating authority, or the aircraft owner or operator –
will assist any engineer or other aviation professional in their work. This is a subject that
depends not only on formalities and equations, but on a good deal of common sense and on
the collective experience of engineers and professionals acquired over more than a century
of aeronautical activity.
I hope this book will be a basis on which those in this field can understand and master the
regulations and procedures which effect the professional training and practical work that
certification engineers have to undertake in both regulatory authorities and in aircraft
engineering enterprises.
December 2002