Airway Smooth Muscle in Health and Disease PDF
Preview Airway Smooth Muscle in Health and Disease
Airway Smooth Muscle in Health and Disease Airway Smooth Muscle in Health and Disease Edited by Ronald F. Coburn University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Plenum Press • New York and London Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Airway smooth muscle in health and disease I edited by Ronald F. Coburn. p. cm. Includes bibliographies and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8078-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-0779-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0779-2 1. Respiratory organs-Muscles-Physiology. 2. Smooth muscle-Physiology. 3. Airway (Medicine)-Physiology. 1. Coburn, Ronald F., 1931- [DNLM: 1. Airway Resistance. 2. Muscle, Smooth-physiology. 3. Muscle, Smooth-physiopathology. 4. Respiratory System-physiology. 5. Respiratory Sys tem-physiopathology. WF 102A2983] QP121.A57 1989 612'.21-dc19 DNLM/DLC 89-3462 for Library of Congress CIP © 1989 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N. Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors Kenji Baba Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6085 .. Peter J. Barnes Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Cardiothoracic Institute, Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6HP, England Carl B. Baron Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6085 Ronald F. Coburn Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6085 Primal de Lanerolle Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60680 Giorgio Gabella Department of Anatomy, University College, London, London WCIE 6BT, England Douglas W. P. Hay Department of Pharmacology, Research and Development, Smith, Kline & French Laboratories, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406- 0939 James C. Hogg Pulmonary Research Laboratory, St. Paul's Hospital, Univer sity of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6Z IY6 Ruth Jacobs Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infec tious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205 David B. Jacoby Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 Michael Kaliner Allergic Diseases Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20205 Michael I. Kotlikoff Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Division, Department of Medi Gine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Penn sylvania 19104-6046 Jay A. Nadel Cardiovascular Research Institute, Moffitt Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0130 v vi Contributors Sami I. Said Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medi cine, Chicago, Illinois 60612 Joseph F. Souhrada John B. Pierce Foundation Laboratory and School of Medi cine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519 Tadao Tomita Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nagoya Univer sity, Nagoya 466, Japan John G. Widdicombe Department of Physiology, St. George's Hospital Medi cal School, London SW17 ORE, England Preface I organized this book because there is a need to put together in book form recent advances in our knowledge of how airway smooth muscle:works in health and in disease. After a period when it seemed that progress was very slow, there has been in the past few years an incredibly rapid gathering of knowledge in this area. In particular, our understanding has improved regarding the cascades of events that follow the initial binding of agonist to plasma membrane receptors and that lead to the cross-bridge movements that determine contraction. This advance in our knowledge was stimulated by use of single-and whole-cell channel recordings of plasma membrane currents and by description of the l3-receptor-GTP-binding protein-adenylate cyclase-cAMP coupling system, which serves as a model for other coupling mechanisms. The discovery of the receptor-activated inositol phospholipid transduction system has greatly stimulated research and led to advances in our understanding of mechanisms involved in smooth muscle con traction. Major advances were also triggered by the development of indicators for measuring free cytosolic calcium concentration and starting the unraveling of the events involved in Ca2 + -dependent activation of contractile proteins. Al though most of the studies that led to our current understanding of these areas were performed on nonairway smooth muscle, these studies usually add to our understanding of airway smooth muscle, and there is an enlarging body of data that have been obtained on airway smooth muscle. In addition, recent years have seen advances in our knowledge of the neural signals that control activation of airway smooth muscle, stimulated by the development of techniques for mea surement of neuropeptides and other transmitters, as well as techniques for investigation of the neurons that innervate airway smooth muscle. This book is organized to emphasize this new information. It also empha sizes our current concepts of how smooth muscle function is altered during diseas~. Major advances have been made in the understanding of asthmatic airway smooth muscle hyperreactivity and hyperreactivity induced by non allergic mechanisms. The book discusses the multiple approaches that have been used in this area. All the contributors to this volume have worked with airway smooth mus- vii viii Preface cle, either normal or diseased, or have studied airway function. The goal of this book is to document our state of knowledge at this time about normal and abnormal airway smooth muscle function. Ronald F. Coburn, M.D. Philadelphia Contents Chapter 1 Structure of Airway Smooth Muscle and Its Innervation . . . . . . . . . . 1 Giorgio Gabella I. Nerve Supply to Trachea and Bronchi ..................... 1 II. Structure of the Musculature ............................. 2 III. Nerve-Mediated Responses .............................. 2 IV. Distribution of Intramuscular Nerves ...................... 5 V. Histochemical Types of Nerve Fibers ............... . . . . . . . 5 VI. Density of Innervation .................................. 6 VII. Types of Nerve Endings ................................ 8 VIII. Neuromuscular Junctions ........................... . . . . . 10 IX. Smooth Muscle Cells ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 X. Gap Junctions ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 XI. References............................................ 13 Chapter 2· Integration of Neural Inputs in Peripheral Airway Ganglia 17 Ronald F. Coburn I. Introduction........................................... 17 II. Neural Input to Airway Smooth Muscle: How the System Is Wired ............................................... 17 III. Basic Properties of Peripheral Airway Ganglia .............. 20 IV. Circuitry of Ferret Paratracheal Ganglion Neurons ........... 24 V. Integration and Modulation of Neural Inputs ................ 26 A. Peripheral Airway Ganglia ........................... 26 B. Neuromuscular Junction ............................. 29 VI. References............................................ 30 ix x Contents Chapter 3 Nervous Receptors in the Tracheobronchial Tree: Airway Smooth Muscle Reflexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 John G. Widdicombe I. Introduction........................................... 35 II. Pulmonary Stretch Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 A. Reflex Actions on Airway Smooth Muscle .............. 37 B. Other Reflex Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 III. Rapidly Adapting (Irritant) Receptors ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 A. Reflex Actions on Airway Smooth Muscle .............. 40 B. Other Reflex Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 IV. C-Fiber Receptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 A. Reflex Actions on Airway Smooth Muscle .............. 42 B. Other Reflex Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 V. Local (Axon) Reflex Actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 VI. Neuroepithelial Bodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 VII. Other Reflex Actions on Airway Smooth Muscle ............ 48 A. Reflexes from the Upper Respiratory Tract .............. 48 B. Bronchomotor Reflexes from Other Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 VIII. Motor Pathways to Tracheobronchial Smooth Muscle . . . . . . . . . 49 IX. References............................................ 51 Chapter 4 Polypeptide-Containing Neurons and Their Function in Airway Smooth Muscle ............................................. 55 Sami I. Said I. Neuropeptides as Physiological Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 II. Autonomic Innervation of Airways: Peptidergic Neurons ...... 55 III. Identification, Localization, and Distribution of Peptidergic Neurons ........................................... '" 57 IV. Families of Neuropeptides ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 V. Peptides as Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators .......... 58 A. When Are Neuropeptides Neurotransmitters? ............ 58 B. Neurotransmitter versus Endocrine and Paracrine Secretions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 C. Coexistence of Peptides and Other Neurotransmitters ...... 59 D. How Neuropeptides May Influence Respiratory Function. . . 59 E. Bronchoactive Peptides .............................. 60 F. Interactions between Neuropeptides and Classic Neurotransmitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Contents xi VI. Neuropeptide Receptors on Smooth Muscle ............ . . . . . 63 A. VIP and PHIIPHM ................................. 63 B. Substance P and Other Neurokinins .................... 64 C. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 VII. Mechanisms of Bronchial Relaxation and Constriction by Neuropeptides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 VIII. Importance of Airway Epithelium in Responses to Bronchoactive Agents ........................................... , . . . 65 IX. Neuropeptides as Physiological Regulators of Airway Smooth Muscle Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 A. VIP.............................................. 65 B. Substance P and Other Neurokinins .................... 67 X. Regulating the Regulators: Enzymatic Degradation of Airway Peptides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 XI. Neuropeptides in Airway Disease ......................... 68 A. VIP in the Pathogenesis of Airway Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 B. Neurokinins P and Other Sensory Neuropeptides ......... 69 XII. Conclusion ........................................... 69 XIII. References............................................ 70 Chapter 5 Cell-Surface Receptors in Airway Smooth Muscle 77 Peter J. Barnes I. Introduction........................................... 77 II. Indirect Regulation of Airway Smooth Muscle .............. 77 III. Airway Receptors and Disease ........................... 78 IV. Autonomic Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 A. Autonomic Control of Airways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 B. I3-Adrenoceptors.................................... 79 C. [3-Receptor Subtypes ................................ 80 D. [3-Receptor Dysfunction in Asthma .................... 80 E. a-Adrenoceptors ......... ;.......................... 81 F. a-Receptor Subtypes ................................ 81 G. a-Receptors in Asthma .............................. 82 H. Cholinergic Receptors ............................... 83 I. Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes ........................ 84 V. Neuropeptide Receptors ................................. 84 A. VIP Receptors ..................................... 85 B. Tachykinin Receptors ............................... 85 C. Other Neuropeptide Receptors ........................ 88
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