Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines

1477 Pages·2017·110.16 MB·English

Aircraft Propulsion and
Gas Turbine Engines,
Second Edition

Aircraft Propulsion and
Gas Turbine Engines,
Second Edition
Ahmed F. El-Sayed
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: El-Sayed, Ahmed F., author.
Title: Aircraft propulsion and gas turbine engines / Ahmed F. El-Sayed.
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016048776| ISBN 9781466595163 (hardback) | ISBN
9781466595170 (ebook) | ISBN 9781466595187 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Airplanes--Turbojet engines. | Aircraft gas-turbines.
Classification: LCC TL709 .E42 2017 | DDC 629.134/353--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016048776
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To
My wife Amany and sons Mohamed, Abdallah, and Khalid
for all their LOVE
AND UNDERSTANDING

Contents
Preface .........................................................................................................................................xxiii
Author ........................................................................................................................................xxvii
Section I Aero Engines and Gas Turbines
1. History and Classifications of Aeroengines ......................................................................3
1.1 Pre–Jet Engine History .................................................................................................4
1.1.1 Early Activities in Egypt and China ..............................................................4
1.1.2 Leonardo da Vinci ............................................................................................6
1.1.3 Branca’s Stamping Mill ...................................................................................6
1.1.4 Newton’s Steam Wagon ..................................................................................6
1.1.5 Barber’s Gas Turbine .......................................................................................7
1.1.6 Miscellaneous Aero-Vehicle’s Activities in the Eighteenth
and Nineteenth Centuries ...............................................................................7
1.1.7 Wright Brothers ..............................................................................................10
1.1.8 Significant Events up to the 1940s ...............................................................11
1.1.8.1 Aero-Vehicle Activities ..................................................................11
1.1.8.2 Reciprocating Engines ...................................................................14
1.2 Jet Engines ....................................................................................................................15
1.2.1 Jet Engines Inventors: Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir Frank Whittle ........15
1.2.1.1 Sir Frank Whittle (1907–1996) .......................................................15
1.2.1.2 Dr. Hans von Ohain (1911–1998) ..................................................16
1.2.2 Turbojet Engines .............................................................................................17
1.2.3 Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines ............................................................21
1.2.4 Turbofan Engines ...........................................................................................25
1.2.5 Propfan Engine ...............................................................................................28
1.2.6 Pulsejet, Ramjet, and Scramjet Engines ......................................................28
1.2.6.1 Pulsejet Engine ................................................................................28
1.2.6.2 Ramjet and Scramjet Engines .......................................................30
1.2.7 Industrial Gas Turbine Engines ...................................................................32
1.3 Classifications of Aerospace Engines .......................................................................34
1.4 Classification of Jet Engines .......................................................................................35
1.4.1 Ramjet ..............................................................................................................35
1.4.2 Pulsejet .............................................................................................................36
1.4.3 Scramjet ...........................................................................................................36
1.4.4 Turboramjet .....................................................................................................37
1.4.5 Turborocket .....................................................................................................38
1.5 Classification of Gas Turbine Engines ......................................................................39
1.5.1 Turbojet Engines .............................................................................................39
1.5.2 Turboprop .......................................................................................................42
1.5.3 Turboshaft .......................................................................................................42
1.5.4 Turbofan Engines ...........................................................................................43
vii
viii Contents
1.5.5 Propfan Engines .............................................................................................48
1.5.6 Advanced Ducted Fan ...................................................................................49
1.6 Industrial Gas Turbines ..............................................................................................50
1.7 Non-Airbreathing Engines ........................................................................................50
1.8 The Future of Aircraft and Powerplant Industries .................................................51
1.8.1 Closure .............................................................................................................59
Problems ..................................................................................................................................63
References ...............................................................................................................................72
2. Performance Parameters of Jet Engines ............................................................................75
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................75
2.2 Thrust Force .................................................................................................................76
2.3 Factors Affecting Thrust .............................................................................................87
2.3.1 Jet Nozzle ........................................................................................................87
2.3.2 Airspeed ..........................................................................................................87
2.3.3 Mass Airflow...................................................................................................87
2.3.4 Altitude............................................................................................................88
2.3.5 Ram Effect .......................................................................................................89
2.4 Engine Performance Parameters ...............................................................................90
2.4.1 Propulsive Efficiency .....................................................................................91
2.4.2 Thermal Efficiency .........................................................................................96
2.4.2.1 Ramjet, Scramjet, Turbojet, and Turbofan Engines ....................97
2.4.2.2 Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines .............................................98
2.4.3 Propeller Efficiency ........................................................................................98
2.4.4 Overall Efficiency ...........................................................................................99
2.4.5 Takeoff Thrust ...............................................................................................102
2.4.6 Specific Fuel Consumption .........................................................................103
2.4.6.1 Ramjet, Turbojet, and Turbofan Engines ...................................103
2.4.6.2 Turboprop Engines .......................................................................104
2.4.7 Aircraft Range ..............................................................................................104
2.4.8 Range Factor .................................................................................................108
2.4.9 Endurance Factor .........................................................................................108
2.4.10 Specific Impulse ...........................................................................................110
2.4.11 Mission Segment Weight Fraction ...............................................................114
2.4.12 Route Planning .............................................................................................117
2.4.12.1 Point of No Return .......................................................................118
2.4.12.2 Critical Point .................................................................................120
Problems ................................................................................................................................122
References .............................................................................................................................133
3. Pulsejet and Ramjet Engines ............................................................................................135
3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................135
3.2 Pulsejet Engines .........................................................................................................135
3.2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................135
3.2.2 Valved Pulsejet .............................................................................................137
3.2.3 Valveless Pulsejet .........................................................................................143
3.2.4 Pulsating Nature of Flow Parameters in Pulsejet Engines ....................144
3.2.5 Pulse Detonation Engine.............................................................................146
Contents ix
3.3 Ramjet Engines ..........................................................................................................151
3.3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................151
3.3.2 Classifications of Ramjet Engines ..............................................................152
3.3.2.1 Subsonic–Supersonic Types ........................................................152
3.3.2.2 Fixed Geometry–Variable Geometry Types ..............................153
3.3.2.3 Liquid-Fueled and Solid-Fueled Types .....................................154
3.3.3 Ideal Ramjet ..................................................................................................154
3.3.3.1 Real Cycle ......................................................................................158
3.4 Case Study ..................................................................................................................180
3.5 Nuclear Ramjet ..........................................................................................................191
3.6 Double-Throat Ramjet Engine .................................................................................192
3.7 Solid-Fueled Ramjet Engine ....................................................................................193
3.8 Summary and Governing Equations for Shock Waves and Isentropic Flow .....194
3.8.1 Summary .......................................................................................................194
3.8.2 Normal Shock Wave Relations ...................................................................195
3.8.3 Oblique Shock Wave Relations ..................................................................195
3.8.4 Rayleigh Flow Equations ............................................................................195
3.8.5 Isentropic Relation .......................................................................................196
Problems ................................................................................................................................196
References .............................................................................................................................200
4. Turbojet Engine ...................................................................................................................203
4.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................203
4.2 Single Spool ................................................................................................................206
4.2.1 Examples of Engines....................................................................................206
4.2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis ...........................................................................207
4.2.3 Ideal Case ......................................................................................................207
4.2.4 Actual Case ...................................................................................................223
4.2.4.1 General Description .....................................................................223
4.2.4.2 Governing Equations ...................................................................225
4.2.5 Comparison between Operative and Inoperative Afterburner.............234
4.3 Two-Spool Engine .....................................................................................................239
4.3.1 Non-Afterburning Engine ..........................................................................239
4.3.1.1 Example of Engines ......................................................................239
4.3.1.2 Thermodynamic Analysis ...........................................................240
4.3.2 Afterburning Engine ...................................................................................244
4.3.2.1 Examples for Two-Spool Afterburning Turbojet Engines ......244
4.3.2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis ...........................................................245
4.4 Statistical Analysis ....................................................................................................249
4.5 Thrust Augmentation ...............................................................................................249
4.5.1 Water Injection ..............................................................................................250
4.5.2 Afterburning .................................................................................................252
4.5.3 Pressure Loss in an Afterburning Engine .................................................252
4.6 Supersonic Turbojet ..................................................................................................257
4.7 Optimization of the Turbojet Cycle ........................................................................260
4.8 Micro Turbojet ...........................................................................................................271
Problems ................................................................................................................................277
References .............................................................................................................................288