Aircraft performance : An Engineering Approach

572 Pages·2017·35.19 MB·English

by  Mohammad H. Sadraey

Aircraft
Performance
An Engineering Approach

Aircraft
Performance
An Engineering Approach
Mohammad H. Sadraey
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Sadraey, Mohammad H., author.
Title: Aircraft performance : an engineering approach / Mohammad Sadraey.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016021894 | ISBN 9781498776554 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Airplanes--Performance. | Aerodynamics.
Classification: LCC TL671.4 .S234 2016 | DDC 629.132--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016021894
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To Fatemeh Zafarani, Ahmad, and Atieh for all their love and understanding

Contents
Preface xv
Author xix
List of symbols xxi
1 Atmosphere 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 General description of atmosphere 2
1.3 Major components 2
1.3.1 Oxygen and nitrogen 2
1.3.2 Carbon dioxide 3
1.3.3 Water vapor 4
1.3.4 Aerosols 4
1.3.5 Ozone 4
1.4 Atmospheric layers 4
1.4.1 Troposphere 5
1.4.2 Stratosphere 6
1.4.3 Mesosphere 6
1.4.4 Thermosphere 6
1.4.5 Ionosphere 7
1.5 International standard atmosphere 7
1.6 Atmospheric parameters 10
1.6.1 Temperature 10
1.6.2 Pressure 12
1.6.2.1 First layer 13
1.6.2.2 Second layer 14
1.6.3 Air density 16
1.6.4 Viscosity 17
1.7 Humidity 18
1.8 Altitude and its measurement 20
1.8.1 Pressure altimeter 23
1.8.2 Radar altimeter 23
1.8.3 Global positioning system 24
1.9 Speed of sound 24
vii
viii CONTENTS
1.10 Atmospheric phenomena 27
1.10.1 Wind 27
1.10.2 Gust and turbulence 28
1.10.3 Icing 29
Problems 29
References 30
2 Equations of motion 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Aerodynamic forces 35
2.3 General governing equations of motion 39
2.3.1 Coordinate system 40
2.3.2 Unaccelerated versus accelerated flight 40
2.3.3 Flight phases 41
2.3.4 Steady-state flight versus perturbed-state flight 42
2.4 Application of Newton’s second law to flight phases 43
2.4.1 Straight-line flight 44
2.4.2 Climbing flight 46
2.4.3 Takeoff 48
2.4.4 Turn 49
2.5 True and equivalent airspeeds 50
2.5.1 Airspeed measurement 50
2.5.2 Airspeed indicator 52
2.5.3 Airspeed indicator corrections 52
2.5.4 Airspeed and ground speed 53
2.5.5 The unit of airspeed 54
2.6 Stall speed 55
Problems 59
References 62
3 Drag force and drag coefficient 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Drag classification 64
3.3 Drag polar 67
3.4 Calculation of C 71
Do
3.4.1 Fuselage 72
3.4.2 Wing, horizontal tail, and vertical tail 74
3.4.3 High-lift devices 76
3.4.3.1 Trailing edge high-lift devices 76
3.4.3.2 Leading edge high-lift devices 77
3.4.4 Landing gear 78
3.4.5 Strut 78
3.4.6 Nacelle 79
3.4.7 External fuel tank 79
3.4.8 Cooling drag 80
3.4.9 Trim drag 81
3.4.10 C of other parts and components 82
Do
3.4.10.1 Interference 82
3.4.10.2 Antenna 82
3.4.10.3 Pitot tube 83
3.4.10.4 Surface roughness 83
CONTENTS ix
3.4.10.5 Leakage 83
3.4.10.6 Rivet and screw 83
3.4.10.7 Pylon 83
3.4.10.8 Fairing for the flap mechanism 84
3.4.10.9 Compressibility 84
3.4.10.10 Icing 88
3.4.10.11 Refueling boom, receptacle, hose, probe, and drogue 88
3.4.10.12 External store 90
3.4.10.13 External sensors 90
3.4.10.14 Miscellaneous items 90
3.4.11 Overall C 90
Do
3.5 Wave drag 91
3.5.1 Wave drag for wing and tail 92
3.5.2 Aircraft wave drag 98
3.6 C for various configurations 99
Do
3.6.1 Clean configuration 100
3.6.2 Takeoff Configuration 100
3.6.3 Landing configuration 100
3.6.4 The effect of speed and altitude on CDo 101
Problems 103
References 108
4 Engine performance 109
4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 Aircraft engine classification 110
4.3 Piston or reciprocating engine 111
4.3.1 Piston engine configurations 112
4.3.2 Piston engine performance 113
4.3.3 Supercharged piston engines 117
4.4 Turbine engine 119
4.4.1 Turbojet engine 119
4.4.2 Turbofan engine 121
4.4.3 Turboprop engine 123
4.4.4 Turboshaft engine 125
4.4.5 Ramjet engine 126
4.4.6 Rocket engine 128
4.5 Other propeller-driven engines 131
4.5.1 Solar-powered engine 131
4.5.2 Electric engine 131
4.5.3 Human-powered engine 132
4.6 Engine performance criteria 133
4.6.1 Engine efficiency 133
4.6.2 Engine performance at various altitudes and speeds 137
4.6.3 Specific fuel consumption 138
4.7 Engine performance calculations 143
4.7.1 Flat rating 143
4.7.2 Variations of power and thrust with aircraft speed 145
4.7.2.1 Piston-prop engine and turboprop engine 145
4.7.2.2 Turbojet engine 146
4.7.2.3 Turbofan engine 146
4.7.3 Variations of power and thrust with altitude 147
4.7.3.1 Piston engine 147
4.7.3.2 Turbojet engine 149