Aircraft Aerodynamic Design: Geometry and Optimization PDF
Preview Aircraft Aerodynamic Design: Geometry and Optimization
András Sóbester Alexander I J Forrester Aircraft Aerodynamic Design Geometry and Optimization Aerospace Series Editors Peter Belobaba, Jonathan Cooper and Allan Seabridge AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC DESIGN Aerospace Series List AircraftAerodynamicDesign:GeometryandOptimization So´besterand October2014 Forrester TheoreticalandComputationalAerodynamics Sengupta September2014 AerospacePropulsion Lee October2013 AircraftFlightDynamicsandControl Durham August2013 CivilAvionicsSystems,SecondEdition Moir,Seabridge August2013 andJukes ModellingandManagingAirportPerformance Zografos, July2013 Andreattaand Odoni AdvancedAircraftDesign:ConceptualDesign,Analysisand Torenbeek June2013 OptimizationofSubsonicCivilAirplanes DesignandAnalysisofCompositeStructures:With Kassapoglou April2013 ApplicationstoAerospaceStructures,SecondEdition AircraftSystemsIntegrationofAir-LaunchedWeapons Rigby April2013 DesignandDevelopmentofAircraftSystems,SecondEdition MoirandSeabridge November2012 UnderstandingAerodynamics:ArguingfromtheRealPhysics McLean November2012 AircraftDesign:ASystemsEngineeringApproach Sadraey October2012 IntroductiontoUAVSystems,FourthEdition Fahlstromand August2012 Gleason TheoryofLift:IntroductoryComputationalAerodynamics McBain August2012 withMATLABandOctave SenseandAvoidinUAS:ResearchandApplications Angelov April2012 MorphingAerospaceVehiclesandStructures Valasek April2012 GasTurbinePropulsionSystems MacIsaacand July2011 Langton BasicHelicopterAerodynamics,ThirdEdition Seddonand July2011 Newman AdvancedControlofAircraft,SpacecraftandRockets Tewari July2011 CooperativePathPlanningofUnmannedAerialVehicles Tsourdosetal November2010 PrinciplesofFlightforPilots Swatton October2010 AirTravelandHealth:ASystemsPerspective Seabridgeetal September2010 DesignandAnalysisofCompositeStructures:With Kassapoglou September2010 applicationstoaerospaceStructures UnmannedAircraftSystems:UAVSDesign,Developmentand Austin April2010 Deployment IntroductiontoAntennaPlacementandInstallations Macnamara April2010 PrinciplesofFlightSimulation Allerton October2009 AircraftFuelSystems Langtonetal May2009 TheGlobalAirlineIndustry Belobaba April2009 ComputationalModellingandSimulationofAircraftandthe Diston April2009 Environment:Volume1–PlatformKinematicsandSynthetic Environment HandbookofSpaceTechnology Ley,Wittmannand April2009 Hallmann AircraftPerformanceTheoryandPracticeforPilots Swatton August2008 AircraftSystems,ThirdEdition MoirandSeabridge March2008 IntroductiontoAircraftAeroelasticityandLoads WrightandCooper December2007 StabilityandControlofAircraftSystems Langton September2006 MilitaryAvionicsSystems MoirandSeabridge February2006 DesignandDevelopmentofAircraftSystems MoirandSeabridge June2004 AircraftLoadingandStructuralLayout Howe May2004 AircraftDisplaySystems Jukes December2003 CivilAvionicsSystems MoirandSeabridge December2002 AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC DESIGN GEOMETRY AND OPTIMIZATION Andra´sSo´besterandAlexanderIJForrester FacultyofEngineeringandtheEnvironment,UniversityofSouthampton,UK Thiseditionfirstpublished2015 ©2015JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUK Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesand productnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparing thisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsof thisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Itis soldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservicesandneitherthe publishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpert assistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. MATLAB®isatrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.andisusedwithpermission.TheMathWorksdoesnotwarrant theaccuracyofthetextorexercisesinthisbook.Thisbook’suseordiscussionofMATLAB®softwareorrelated productsdoesnotconstituteendorsementorsponsorshipbyTheMathWorksofaparticularpedagogicalapproachor particularuseoftheMATLAB®software. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData So´bester,Andra´s. Aircraftaerodynamicdesign:geometryandoptimization/Andra´sSo´bester,AlexanderForrester. pagescm–(Aerospaceseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-66257-1(hardback) 1.Airframes. 2.Aerodynamics. I.Forrester,AlexanderIJ. II.Title. TL671.6.S582014 629.134′1–dc23 2014026821 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN:9780470662571 Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India 1 2015 Contents SeriesPreface xi Preface xiii 1 Prologue 1 2 GeometryParameterization:PhilosophyandPractice 7 2.1 ASenseofScale 7 2.1.1 SeparatingShapeandScale 7 2.1.2 NondimensionalCoefficients 9 2.2 ParametricGeometries 11 2.2.1 Pre-OptimizationChecks 13 2.3 WhatMakesaGoodParametricGeometry:ThreeCriteria 15 2.3.1 Conciseness 15 2.3.2 Robustness 16 2.3.3 Flexibility 16 2.4 AParametricFuselage:ACaseStudyintheTrade-Offsof GeometryOptimization 18 2.4.1 ParametricCross-Sections 18 2.4.2 FuselageCross-SectionOptimization:AnIllustrativeExample 22 2.4.3 AParametricThree-DimensionalFuselage 27 2.5 AGeneralObservationontheNatureofFixed-WingAircraftGeometry Modelling 29 2.6 NecessaryFlexibility 30 2.7 ThePlaceofaParametricGeometryintheDesignProcess 31 2.7.1 Optimization:AHierarchyofObjectiveFunctions 31 2.7.2 CompetingObjectives 32 2.7.3 OptimizationMethodSelection 35 2.7.4 InverseDesign 37 3 Curves 41 3.1 ConicsandBe´zierCurves 41 3.1.1 ProjectiveGeometryConstructionofConics 42 3.1.2 ParametricBernsteinConic 43 viii Contents 3.1.3 RationalConicsandBe´zierCurves 49 3.1.4 PropertiesofBe´zierCurves 50 3.2 Be´zierSplines 51 3.3 Ferguson’sSpline 52 3.4 B-Splines 57 3.5 Knots 59 3.6 NonuniformRationalBasisSplines 60 3.7 ImplementationinRhino 64 3.8 CurvesforOptimization 65 4 Surfaces 67 4.1 Lofted,TranslatedandCoonsSurfaces 67 4.2 Be´zierSurfaces 69 4.3 B-SplineandNonuniformRationalBasisSplineSurfaces 74 4.4 Free-FormDeformation 76 4.5 ImplementationinRhino 82 4.5.1 NonuniformRationalBasisSplines-BasedSurfaces 82 4.5.2 Free-FormDeformation 82 4.6 SurfacesforOptimization 84 5 AerofoilEngineering:Fundamentals 91 5.1 Definitions,Conventions,Taxonomy,Description 91 5.2 A‘Non-Taxonomy’ofAerofoils 92 5.2.1 Low-SpeedAerofoils 93 5.2.2 SubsonicAerofoils 93 5.2.3 TransonicAerofoils 93 5.2.4 SupersonicAerofoils 94 5.2.5 NaturalLaminarFlowAerofoils 94 5.2.6 Multi-ElementAerofoils 95 5.2.7 MorphingandFlexibleAerofoils 98 5.3 LegacyversusCustom-DesignedAerofoils 98 5.4 UsingLegacyAerofoilDefinitions 99 5.5 HandlingLegacyAerofoils:APracticalPrimer 101 5.6 AerofoilFamiliesversusParametricAerofoils 102 6 FamiliesofLegacyAerofoils 103 6.1 TheNACAFour-DigitSection 103 6.1.1 AOne-VariableThicknessDistribution 104 6.1.2 ATwo-VariableCamberCurve 105 6.1.3 BuildingtheAerofoil 105 6.1.4 Nomenclature 106 6.1.5 ADrawbackandTwoFixes 107 6.1.6 TheDistributionofPoints:SamplingDensityVariationsandCusps 107 6.1.7 AMATLAB® Implementation 109 6.1.8 AnOpenNURBS/Rhino-PythonImplementation 111 6.1.9 Applications 112
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