Air Traffic Management: Economics, Regulation and Governance

287 Pages·2018·4.697 MB·English

by  Margaret Arblaster

Air Traffic Management
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Air Traffic Management
Economics, Regulation and Governance
Margaret Arblaster
Elsevier
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ISBN: 978-0-12-811118-5
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Contents
List of Tables, Figures, Boxes ix
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
List of Acronyms xix
1 The Air Traffic Management Industry 1
Air Traffic Management 1
What Is Air Traffic Management? 1
Air Traffic Management in the Global Economy 4
Air Traffic Management Users and Stakeholders 4
The Economics, Regulation, and Governance of Air Traffic Management 6
Book Structure 7
References 8
Part One Background on ATM Technical Characteristics,
Governance and Safety Regulation 9
2 Operational and Technological Background on Air Traffic
Management 11
Introduction to Air Traffic Management 11
Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance, and Other Infrastructure 21
The Challenges of Adopting New Technology 30
Major International Programs 34
Summary and Conclusions 35
References 35
3 Governance of Air Traffic Management: An International Perspective 39
International Oversight of Air Traffic Management 40
Regional Coordination of Air Traffic Management 45
Summary 58
References 59
4 Governance of Air Traffic Management: A National Perspective 63
The Trend to Commercialization of Air Navigation Service Providers 63
Civil–Military Cooperation in Air Traffic Management 73
vi Contents
Elements of Good Governance in the Provision of Air Traffic Management 75
Summary 82
References 82
5 Safety Regulation of Air Traffic Management 87
Introduction to Aviation Safety and Safety in Air Traffic Management 88
From Prescriptive-Based Safety Regulation to Performance-Based
Approaches 97
Aviation Safety Regulation—International Regulation 100
International Enforcement of Aviation Safety Standards 103
Safety Oversight at a Regional Level 105
Regulation of Safety at a National Level 106
Challenges of Safety Regulation 110
Summary 112
References 112
Further Reading 115
Part Two Economic Regulation of ATM 117
6 Economic Characteristics of Air Traffic Management 119
The Demand for Air Traffic Management 119
Supply Characteristics of Air Traffic Management 125
Balancing Demand and Capacity 130
Air Traffic Management Performance 132
Summary 138
References 139
Further Reading 141
7 Economic Regulation of Air Traffic Management:
Principles and Approaches 143
Economic Regulation: Rationale and Objectives 144
Regulatory Institutions and Governance 147
Forms of Economic Regulation Used to Regulate the Price Levels
for Air Traffic Management Services 158
Summary and Conclusions 169
References 170
Further Reading 172
8 Economic Regulation of Air Traffic Management:
The Structure of Charges 173
Economic Principles for Charging Structures 174
Terminal Navigation Charges 176
En Route Charges and Incentives for the Adoption of New Technology 183
Congestion Pricing 184
Contents vii
Summary and Conclusion 187
References 188
Further Reading 189
9 Economic Regulation of Air Traffic Management: Consultation on
Investment 191
Investment in Air Traffic Management Systems 192
The Role of Industry Consultation in the Context of Economic
Regulation 194
Industry Consultation on Investment in Air Traffic Management—the
United Kingdom and Other Examples 197
Challenges Associated With Industry Consultation and Attributes of
Effective Consultation 205
Summary and Conclusions 206
References 208
Part Three Future Directions 211
10 Introducing Competition in the Provision of Air Traffic Management 213
Why Introduce Competition in Air Traffic Management Services? 214
The Process of Introducing Competition in Air Traffic Management 216
Experience With Introducing Competition in Terminal
Navigation Services 220
Regulation in a More Liberalized Market 227
Increased Commercial Activity by Air Navigation Service
Providers—A Stepping Stone? 228
Summary and Conclusions 230
References 231
Further Reading 233
11 New Entrants Into Airspace—Unmanned Aircraft (“Drones”) and
Increased Space Transportation 235
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (“Drones”) 235
Commercial Space Transportation 249
Summary and Conclusions 251
References 253
Further Reading 255
Index 257
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List of Tables, Figures, Boxes
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Summary description of air navigation services
Table 2.1 Examples of techniques used for optimizing air traffic flow depending
on the circumstances
Table 2.2 Comparison of air traffic management (ATM) using traditional
technology and more advanced technology
Table 2.3 Major economic benefits achieved from adopting new satellite-based
technology (performance-based navigation [PBN] and ADS-B) for
different stakeholder groups
Table 3.1 The nine functional airspace blocks (FABs) initiatives that have been
undertaken
Table 3.2 Challenges facing air navigation in the Asia-Pacific region
Table 4.1 Governance arrangements for ANSPs in selected countries
Table 5.1 Types of aviation accidents
Table 5.2 Distinctive features of air traffic management (ATM) that affect safety
Table 5.3 Evolution of aviation safety regulation
Table 5.4 Comparison of modern approaches to aviation safety regulation with
traditional approaches
Table 5.5 Institutional structure of aviation safety regulators for selected countries
(as at October 2016)
Table 6.1 Changes in demand: world total revenue traffic—international and
domestic (scheduled services), 2009 compared with 2010 and 2015
Table 6.2 Regional distribution of scheduled traffic (international and domestic)
and forecast growth in 2015
Table 6.3 Traffic variability indicators for selected European air navigation
service providers in 2014
Table 6.4 Examples of air traffic management performance areas
Table 6.5 International studies of air navigation service provider performance
Table 7.1 Five commercialized air navigation service providers (ANSPs)—basic
institutional, regulatory, and market features relevant to economic
regulation
Table 8.1 Approach to pricing terminal navigation services for a selection of
commercialized air navigation service providers (ANSPs) as at 2017
Table 8.2 The development of location specific terminal navigation charges in
Australia (1998–2016)—prices per tonne (A$) landed (maximum
takeoff weight) over time
Table 9.1 Forms of consumer engagement employed by regulators of monopoly
service providers