Air Pollution. Volume VII: Supplement to Measurements, Monitoring, Surveillance, and Engineering Control

530 Pages·1986·29.271 MB·English

AIR POLLUTION
THIRD EDITION
VOLUME VII
Supplement to Measurements, Monitoring,
Surveillance, and Engineering Control
Edited by
Arthur C. Stern
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
School of Public Health
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
1986
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
Orlando San Diego New York Austin
Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
COPYRIGHT © 1986 BY ACADEMIC PRESS. INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS. ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL. INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY. RECORDING. OR
ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM. WITHOUT
PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Orlando. Florida 32887
United Kingdom Edition published bx
ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24-28 Oval Road. London NWI 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
(Revised for v. 6-8)
Stern, Arthur Cecil.
Air pollution.
(Environmental sciences)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Contents: - [etc.] - v. 6. Supplement to Air pollu­
tants, their transformation, transport, and effects -
v. 7. Supplement Measurements, monitoring, surveillance,
and engineering control - v. 8. Supplement to managing
air quality.
1. Air-Pollution-Collected works. 2. Air
pollution. I. Title. II. Series.
TD883.S83 1976 363.7'392 76-8256
ISBN 0-12-666607-5 (v. 7)
I'KIN Ihl) IN I Ml·. I NllhD SIAIhS ()[ AMhRICA
86 X7 88 89 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Benjamin Samuel, Daniel Arthur, Diana Jocelyn,
Lara Helen, and Sophie Katherine
Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
Donald F. Adams (47), Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho,
Moscow, Idaho 83843
Richard E. Barrett (339), Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus,
Ohio 43201
David Beck (395), United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
James C. Berry (395), United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Robert J. Bryan (143), Engineering-Science, Arcadia, California
91006
Jerry W. Crowder (267), The University of Texas at Dallas, Richard­
son, Texas 75083
Richard Crume (395), Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709
Dennis Crumpler (395), United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Wayne T. Davis (233), University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
37996
Fred Dimmick (395), United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
John A. Dirgo (233), PRC Engineering, Chicago, Illinois 60601
Richard B. Engdahl (339), Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus,
Ohio 43201
Sherry O. Farwell (47), Department of Chemistry, University of
Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
Melvin W. First (219), School of Public Health, Harvard University,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Ellen Brassil Horak1 (1), Health Sciences Library, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
1 Present address: Health Sciences Library, Mount Sinai Hospital, Hartford, Connect­
icut 06112.
ix
X CONTRIBUTORS
K. C. Hustvedt (395), United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
William L. Johnson (395), United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Lawrence Keller (395), Radian Corporation, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709
David Leith (233), School of Public Health, University of North Caro­
lina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
Randy McDonald (395), United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
David Markwordt (395), United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Martin Massoglia (395), Research Triangle Institute, Research Trian­
gle Park, North Carolina 27709
Grady B. Nichols (267), Southern Research Institute, Birmingham,
Alabama 35255-5305
Kenneth E. Noll (267), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illi­
nois 60616
David A. Piper2 (1), Health Sciences Library, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
David Salman (395), United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Selim M. Senkan (267), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illi­
nois 60616
Stephen Shedd (395), United States Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
James Shedlock (1), Medical Library, Northwestern University, Chi­
cago, Illinois 60611
John H. E. Stelling, III (395), Radian Corporation, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27709
Raymond W. Thron (163), Minnesota Department of Health, Minneap­
olis, Minnesota 55440
David A. Trayser (339), Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus,
Ohio 43201
Glynda Wilkins (395), Radian Corporation, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709
Gilbert Wood (395), United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
2 Present address: Health Sciences Center Library, University of Arizona, Tucson,
Arizona 85724.
Preface
There have been a great number of significant developments in the
science, technology, and public policy of air pollution and its control
in the decade since 1975. Many aspects of this problem that were of
minor concern are now of major concern. These include acidic deposi­
tion, asbestos, carbon dioxide, indoor air pollution, lead, long-range
transport, emissions from nuclear accidents, nonionizing radiation,
stratospheric ozone, toxic substances, visibility, and risk assessment
and management.
These aspects need to be addressed and the material in the first five
volumes of the 1976-1977 third edition brought up to date to main­
tain the viability of this treatise.
Since the material in the five volumes of the third edition and the
three volumes of the second edition is still basic and valid, we rejected
the option of publishing a fourth edition in favor of these supplement
volumes. In publishing this supplement (which we consider to be a
part of the third edition), we have therefore presumed that its users
will have access to either the first five volumes of the third edition or
the three volumes of the second edition, if they need to tie material in
the supplement to the background of these earlier volumes.
Our instructions to contributors were to not repeat in this supple­
ment material (text, tables, figures, or references) already in the pub­
lished volumes, and to limit their presentations to material and issues
that have appeared or developed since the late 1970s, but also to
include significant references of prior dates that did not appear in the
first five volumes. This should not greatly disservice those who hold
the second, but not the third, edition because the combination of the
second edition and this supplement makes a viable whole.
As noted in the preface to the earlier volumes, this treatise is in­
tended for professionals in the sciences, engineering, meteorology,
biology, medicine, law, and public administration; and it is assumed
that the reader has an adequate background in his or her profession.
The first five volumes of the third edition have 15 parts. We origi­
nally intended to organize this supplement into 15 chapters, each to
update its corresponding part. As this supplement developed, how-
XI
XII PREFACE
ever, it became apparent that some of these chapters would either be
quite long or would have to be split into more than one chapter, or
would bring together in one chapter subject matter better presented
as separate chapters. There was no part or chapter in the first five
volumes on effects of air pollution on the aquatic environment. Such a
new chapter has been added to this supplement. Chapter 7 of Volume
V was the only chapter not updated (because of its irrelevance).
Thus this supplement has 21 chapters. Because of their length, it
has been necessary to print them in three volumes with Chapters 1
through 7 in Volume VI (Air Pollutants, Their Transformation,
Transport, and Effects); Chapters 1 through 9 in Volume VII (Mea
surement, Monitoring, Surveillance, and Engineering Control of Air
Pollution); and Chapters 1 through 5 in Volume VIII (Management of
Air Quality). Each volume has its own subject index. The correspon­
dence between the chapters of the first five volumes of the third
edition, the three volumes of the second edition, and the three vol­
umes and 21 chapters of this supplement is shown below.
The draftman for this book was Peter Bedick, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill. I wish to thank my secretary, Delores Plum­
mer, for her assistance as well.
Arthur C. Stern
Supplement Third edition Second edition
Volume Chapter Volume Chapter Volume Chapter
VI 1 I 1-5 I 1-5 (Voi. II, Ch. 25)
VI 2 I 6-7 I 6
VI 3 I 8-12 I 7- 10 (Voi. II, Ch. 24)
VI 4 II 1-3 I 11 ; 15
VI 5 II 4 I 12
VI 6 II 5 I 13 (Voi. Ili, Ch. 49)
VI 7 II 6-7 I 14
VII 1 II 8 I II 54
VII 2 III 1-8 I I 16-23;27
VII 3 III 9-13 I I 26;31
VII 4 III 14-17 I I 28-30
VII 5 IV 1 I II 41
VII 6 IV 2-4 I II 42-44;46
VII 7 IV 5-9 I II 45-48
VII 8 IV 10-14 I II 32-33
VII 9 IV 15-21 I II 34-40
Vili 1 V 1-6 I II 50;52
Vili 2 V 8 I II 50
Vili 3 V 9 I II 50;52
Vili 4 V 10 I II 53
Vili 5 V 11-13 I II 51
Contents of Other Supplement Volumes1
VOLUME VI SUPPLEMENT TO AIR POLLUTANTS, THEIR TRANSFORMATION,
TRANSPORT, AND EFFECTS
1 The Pollutants
Paul Urone
2 The Transformation of Pollutants
Donald L. Fox
3 The Transport of Pollutants
D. Bruce Turner
4 Air Pollution Effects on Physical and Economic Systems
John E. Yocom, Norbert S. Baer, and Elmer Robinson
5 Effects on Vegetation: Native, Crops, Forests
Walter W. Heck, Allen S. Heagle, and David S. Shriner
6 Effects of Acidic Deposition on Aquatic Ecosystems
Magda Havas
7 Effects on Human Health
JohnR. Goldsmith
VOLUME VIII SUPPLEMENT TO MANAGEMENT OF AIR QUALITY
1 Air Quality Management in the United States
Vincent J. Marchesani
2 United States Clean Air Act Litigation
William A. Campbell
3 Air Pollution Control Programs — Worldwide
Goran Persson
4 Air Pollution Personnel and Their Development
Harold M. Cota
5 Air Pollution Standards
Rémy Bouscaren, Marie-Jeanne Brun, Arthur C. Stern,
and René Wunenburger
1 Contents of Volumes I-V are in those volumes.
XIII
1
Air Pollution Information Resources
Ellen Brassil Horak*
Health Sciences Library
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
David A. Piper '
Health Sciences Library
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
James Shedlock
Medical Library
Northwestern University
Chicago, Illinois
I. Introduction 2
A. Classification of Literature Sources 2
II. Searching the Literature 4
III. Computerized Literature Searching 6
A. Data Bases, Vendors, and Telecommunications 6
B. Search Strategy 10
* Present address: Health Sciences Library, Mount Sinai Hospital, Hartford, Connect­
icut 06112.
t Present address: Health Sciences Center Library, University of Arizona, Tucson,
Arizona 85724.
1
AIR POLLUTION VOL. VII Copyright © 1986 by Academic Press Inc.
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
2 ELLEN BRASSIL HORAK, DAVID A. PIPER, AND JAMES SHEDLOCK
C. Personal Online Searching 16
D. Automatic Search Update 17
IV. Printed Literature 18
A. Directories 19
B. Dictionaries and Encyclopedias 44
C. Handbooks, Monographs, and Other
Reference Works 45
V. The Future 45
I. Introduction
Skillful information management and current awareness are essen­
tial to scientific discovery since the research process both builds on
earlier knowledge and reports new findings in the literature. Infor­
mation technology is changing many traditional methods of accessing
information. For example, microcomputer-based applications to re­
print filing systems, online searching, and electronic user networks
enable an individual to manage information more efficiently at his
professional workplace and to overcome better the challenges of li­
brary research. As with the literature of other sciences, environmen­
tal science literature grows rapidly and originates from all continents
of the globe. The air pollution literature is similarly expansive and
includes a variety of publication formats and subject matter.
This chapter outlines concepts in information management that
apply to any scientific field and cites major information sources that
are particularly relevant to air pollution research. Coverage of online
and printed resources is featured, along with search strategy consid­
erations.
A. Classification of Literature Sources
Although most research topics are expressed in narrow terms, the
volume of available resources is uncomfortably vast. The literature
search begins by analyzing the information problem and then identi­
fies the type of literature likely to satisfy that need. Various stages of
the research process represent different phases of information
transfer or dissemination, and the evolutionary process of scientific
research is reflected in different publication formats. For example, a
conference paper reflects an earlier phase of research than the review
article, and standard reference information conveniently represented
in the form of tables, measures, and other lists would appear in com­
pendia rather than in journal articles.