Air Pollution and its Effects. Air Pollution

703 Pages·1968·18.139 MB·English

by  Arthur C. Stern (Eds.)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
An Interdisciplinary Monograph Series
EDITORS
DOUGLAS H. K. LEE E. WENDELL HEWSON DANIEL OKUN
National Institute of Department of University of North Carolina
Environmental Health Sciences Atmospheric Science Department of Environmental
Research Triangle Park Oregon State University Sciences and Engineering
North Carolina Corvallis, Oregon Chapel Hill, North Carolina
ARTHUR C. STERN, editor, AIR POLLUTION, Second Edition.
In three volumes, 1968
L. FISHBEIN, W. G. FLAMM, and H. L. FALK, CHEMICAL MUTAGENS: Environ­
mental Effects on Biological Systems, 1970
DOUGLAS H. K. LEE and DAVID MINARD, editors, PHYSIOLOGY, ENVIRON­
MENT, AND MAN, 1970
KARL D. KRYTER, THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON MAN, 1970
R. E. MUNN, BIOMETEOROLOGICAL METHODS, 1970
M. M. KEY, L. E. KERR, and M. BUNDY, PULMONARY REACTIONS TO COAL
DUST: "A Review of U. S. Experience," 1971
AIR POLLUTION
Edited by
ARTHUR C. STERN
National Center for Air Pollution Control
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Washington, D. C.
VOLUME I
Air Pollution and Its Effects
1968
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
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Sixth Printing, 1973
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA
This volume is dedicated to Dorothy
^^^ffi List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
C. STAFFORD BRANDT (401), Agricultural Research Service Liaison,
National Center for Air Pollution Control, Cincinnati, Ohio
LESLIE A. CHAMBERS (1), Allan Hancock Foundation, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California
DAVID L. COFFIN (445), Health Effects Research Program, National
Center for Air Pollution Control, Cincinnati, Ohio
MORTON CORN (47), University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public
Health Practice, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
MERRIL EISENBUD (121), Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York
University Medical Center, New York, New York
J. R. GOLDSMITH (547), California State Department of Public Health,
Berkeley, California
A. J. HAAGEN-SMIT (149), Division of Biology, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, California
WALTER W. HECK (401), Agricultural Research Service Liaison, National
Center for Air Pollution Control, Cincinnati, Ohio
GLENN R. HILST (321), The Travelers Research Center, Inc., Constitu­
tion Plaza, Hartford, Connecticut
ALVIN R. JACOBSON (95), Division of Environmental Health, School of
Public Health and Administrative Medicine, Columbia University,
New York, New York
ROY O. MCCALDIN (617), Department of Bioenvironmental Engineering,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
ROBERT A. MCCORMICK (275), Environmental Science Services Adminis­
tration, National Center for Air Pollution Control, Cincinnati, Ohio
ELMER ROBINSON (349), Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park,
California
HERBERT E. STOKINGER (445), Toxicology Section, Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Bureau of
Disease Prevention and Environmental Control, National Center
vii
Vili LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
for Urban and Industrial Health, Occupational Health Program,
Cincinnati, Ohio
GORDON H. STROM (227), School of Engineering and Science, New York
University, Bronx, New York
BERNARD D. TEBBENS (23), Industrial Hygiene Engineering, School of
Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California
R. C. WANTA (187), Singco Inc., Burlington, Massachusetts
LOWELL G. WAYNE (149), Air Pollution Control Institute and Allan
Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, California
JOHN E. YOCOM (617), The Travelers Research Center, Inc., Consti­
tution Plaza, Hartford, Connecticut
This second edition is addressed to the same audience as the previous
one: engineers, chemists, physicists, physicians, meteorologists, lawyers,
economists, sociologists, agronomists, and toxicologists. It is concerned,
as was the first edition, with the cause, effect, transport, measurement,
and control of air pollution.
So much new material has become available since the completion of
the two-volume first edition, that it has been necessary to use three
volumes for this one. Volume I covers three major areas: the nature of
air pollution; the mechanism of its dispersal by meteorological factors
and from stacks; and its effect upon plants, animals, humans, materials,
and visibility. Volume II covers the sampling, analysis, measurement,
and monitoring of air pollution, and can be used independently of the
other two volumes as a text or reference on the chemical analysis of air
pollutants. Volume III covers four major areas: the emissions to the
atmosphere from the principal air pollution sources; the control tech­
niques and equipment used to minimize these emissions; the applicable
laws, regulations, and standards; and the administrative and organiza­
tional procedures used to administer these laws, regulations, and stan­
dards. The concluding chapter of Volume III discusses air pollution
literature sources and gives guidance in locating information not to be
found in these volumes. Volumes I, II, and III were prepared simulta­
neously, and the total work was divided into three volumes to make it
easier for the reader to use.
To improve subject area coverage, the number of chapters was in­
creased from the 42 of the first edition to 54. The scope of some of the
chapters, whose subject areas were carried over from the first edition,
has been changed. Every contributor to the first edition was offered the
opportunity to prepare for this edition either a revision of his chapter
in the previous edition or a new chapter if the scope of his work had
changed. Since ten authors declined this offer and three were deceased,
this edition includes 32 of the previous contributors and 28 new ones.
The new chapters in this edition are concerned chiefly with the chemi­
cal analysis of air pollutants and pollution problems of specific industries
not covered previously. The decision to expand coverage of chemical
analysis of air pollutants was based on the demise of Morris B.Jacobs (an
author in the first edition), who, in his lifetime, had authored a succes-
ix
X PREFACE
sion of books, each of which, in its turn, became the standard work on air
pollutant sampling and analysis. It is hoped that Volume II will fill the
gap created by the stilling of his prolific pen. Even with the inclusion in
this edition of the air pollution problems of additional industrial pro­
cesses, many are still not covered in detail. It is hoped that the general
principles discussed in Volume III will help the reader faced with prob­
lems in industries not specifically covered.
Because I planned and edited these volumes, the gap areas and in­
stances of repetition are my responsibility and not the authors'. As in the
first edition, the contributors were asked to write for a scientifically ad­
vanced reader, and all were given the opportunity of last minute up­
dating of their material.
As the editor of a multiauthor treatise, I thank each author for both
his contribution and his patience, and each author's family, including
my own, for their forbearance and help. Special thanks are due my
secretary, Nancy Sue Myers, who carried sixty times the burden of all
the other authors' secretaries combined. In this task, Lucy Trainor
helped her carry the load. I should also like to thank my superiors in the
Public Health Service for permitting my participation and that of so
many of my Public Health Service colleagues.
ARTHUR C. STERN
Washington, D. C.
December, 1967
^ ^H Contents of Other Volumes
VOLUME II. ANALYSIS, MONITORING, AND SURVEYING
Part IV. Analysis of Pollutants
16. AIR SAMPLING AND QUANTITY MEASUREMENT
Ellwood Robert Hendrickson
17. ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
Morris Katz
18. ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC GASEOUS POLLUTANTS
Aubrey Paul Altshuller
19. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Philip W. West
20. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND CARCINOGENIC BIOASSAYS OF ORGANIC
PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Dietrich Hoffmann and Ernest L· Wynder
21. ANALYSIS OF NUMBER AND SIZE OF PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Paul M. Giever
22. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Walter C. McCrone
Part V. Air Quality and Meteorological Monitoring
23. ODOR AND ITS MEASUREMENT
J. Floyd Byrd and Austin H. Phelps, Jr.
24. METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
E. Wendell Hewson
25. MONITORING AIRBORNE RADIOACTIVITY
Harry F. Schulte
26. AIR QUALITY MONITORING
Robert J. Bryan
27. PRODUCTION OF CONTROLLED TEST ATMOSPHERES
James P. Lodge
xvii
XV111 CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES
Part VI. Source Measurement and Community Survey
28. SOURCE TESTING
Bernard D. Bloomfield
29. SOURCE MONITORING
Paul Walton Purdom
30. SOURCE INSPECTION, REGISTRATION, AND APPROVAL
Charles W. Gruber
31. THE COMMUNITY AIR POLLUTION SURVEY
August T. Rossano, Jr.
AUTHOR INDEX—SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME III. SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION AND THEIR CONTROL
Part VII. Sources of Air Pollution
32. STATIONARY COMBUSTION SOURCES
Richard B. Engdahl
33. MOBILE COMBUSTION SOURCES
Richard W. Hum
34. PETROLEUM REFINERY EMISSIONS
Harold F. Elkin
35. NONMETALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES
Victor H. Sussman
36. FERROUS METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES
William E. Sebesta
37. NONFERROUS METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS
Kenneth W. Nelson
38. INORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Austin N. Heller, Stanley T. Cuffe, and Donald R. Goodwin
39. PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY
Donald F. Adams
40. FOOD AND FEED INDUSTRIES
W. L. Faith