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Air Navigation Law . Ruwantissa Abeyratne Air Navigation Law RuwantissaAbeyratne InternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO) Quebec Canada ISBN978-3-642-25834-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-25835-0 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-25835-0 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012933968 # Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotective lawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) For Ghislaine and Diane . Preface Fromtherecordedinceptionofinternationalcivilaviationtodate—i.e.thesigning of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) in 1944 and the start-up of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in April 1947, to the adoption of the various Annexes to the Convention over the past 66 years, the law of air navigation has evolved through the principles of these instrumentsandtransformedintodomesticlawwithin theirjurisdictionsbymem- berStatesofICAO.Therefore,domesticairnavigationlaw,howeverfounded,has itsoriginsintheChicagoConventionandits18Annexes(atthetimeofwriting,the latestAnnex(Annex19onSafetyManagementSystemswasbeingdeveloped). These laws, both international and national derive their legitimacy from the fundamental principle found in Article 1 of the Chicago Convention—that ICAO member States recognize that each State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the air space above its territory. Within this overriding principle of State sovereignty, this book takes the reader on a journey through the principles of air navigation law as enunciated by the Chicago Convention, the Annexes to the ConventionandrelevantICAOAssemblyresolutions. Naturally, discussions throughout this work will address the principle of State sovereigntyasrelevant,butmoreimportantly,asanydiscussionofthelawwould involverightsandliabilities,thisbookregularlyaddressesanddiscussestheliabili- tyoftheprotagonistsinairnavigation,beittheState,theairport,theairnavigation servicesprovider,thecontrollerofairtrafficorthepilotandothercrew. ThebookimmediatelyprecedingthiswrittenbymeentitledStrategicIssuesin AirTransport(Springer:ISBN978-3-642-21959-7),whichwasreleasedinJanuary 2012,containsdiscussionsonsuchsubjectsassafetymanagementsystems,theuse of airspace, aviation medicine, unmanned aircraft systems, regional safety in air transport,andsafetyoversightaudits.ThereforeIwillnotaddressthesesubjectsin thisbook,althoughthevariousaspectsoflawrelatedtothosesubjectsalsoforman integral part of air navigation law. The subjects which I discuss in this book are flight information and air defence identification zones, rules of the air, personnel licensing, meteorological services, operations of aircraft, air traffic services, vii viii Preface accident andincidentinvestigation,aerodromes,the efficiencyaspects ofaviation andenvironmentalprotection,aeronauticalchartsandinformation,thecarriageof dangerousgoodsandNextGenandSESAR—thetwoinitiativesoftheUnitedStates and Europe respectively. All these subjects form the titles of the Annexes to the Chicago Convention that particularly involve the rights and liabilities of the key playersinvolvedinairnavigation. Onapersonalnote,sinceIjoinedICAOasaprofessionalinApril1990,Ihave published19booksandnumerousjournalarticlesonairtransportandairlaw.This book is written at a time when I am approaching retirement, which will be after nearly25yearsofservicetotheOrganization.Therefore,Ibelieveitisopportune for me to recognize and thank two special and exceptional ICAO professionals, GhislaineGirouxandDianeBertrandoftheICAOlibrarywhosecontinuedsupport, appreciation andapprovalofmyliterarypursuitshave encouragedme throughout tomaintainanacademicdimensiontomyotherwisepredictablefunctionsasalegal officerintheOrganization.ThisbookisdedicatedtoGhislaineandDianewithmy deepestappreciation. RuwantissaAbeyratne Contents 1 TerritorialSovereigntyandFlightInformation ........................ 1 1.1 StateSovereigntyDefined ............................................. 1 1.2 CivilandMilitaryAviation ............................................ 6 1.3 FlightInformationRegions ............................................ 9 1.4 TheAirDefenceIdentificationZone ................................. 11 1.4.1 JustificationforADIZ ......................................... 13 1.4.2 CommentonADIZ ............................................ 16 References ................................................................. 18 2 TheProvisionofAirTrafficServices .................................. 19 2.1 TheCNS/ATMSystem ............................................... 19 2.2 PrinciplesofStateLiabilityforActsofAutonomous AirTrafficServicesProviders ........................................ 21 2.3 TheProvisionofAirNavigationServices ........................... 22 2.4 MeteorologicalInformation .......................................... 26 2.5 AirTrafficServices ................................................... 28 2.6 LiabilityofStates ..................................................... 29 2.6.1 LiabilityUnderAdministrativeLaw .......................... 30 2.6.2 LiabilityUnderPublicInternationalLaw ..................... 37 2.7 TheAirTrafficServiceProvider’sLiability ......................... 43 2.8 SatelliteImagery ...................................................... 53 2.9 SpaceLawApplications .............................................. 55 2.10 OuterSpaceTreatyLaw ............................................ 56 References ................................................................. 66 3 RulesoftheAir .......................................................... 69 3.1 NegligenceoftheAirlinePilot ....................................... 73 3.2 ApplicableLawsandConsequences ................................. 74 3.3 Negligence ............................................................ 76 ix x Contents 3.4 CasesonNegligence .................................................. 78 3.5 SubstanceAbuseandCrewCommunication ......................... 81 References ................................................................. 87 4 SearchandRescueOperations ......................................... 89 4.1 HumanitarianIssues .................................................. 99 4.2 OperationofAircraft ............................................... 102 References ................................................................ 104 5 AircraftAccidentandIncidentInvestigation ......................... 105 5.1 CriminalizationoftheAccidentProcess ........................... 108 References ................................................................ 111 6 AirCrewLicencing ..................................................... 113 6.1 LanguageProficiency ............................................... 115 6.2 RegulatoryDevelopments .......................................... 117 6.3 LegalIssues ......................................................... 122 6.4 PrivilegesandMisuse .............................................. 125 6.5 FatigueRiskManagementSystems ................................ 127 6.6 ProposedAmendmentstoFatigueManagementStandards ........ 130 6.7 IntentofProposedAmendments ................................... 131 6.8 Appendix8toAnnex6 ............................................. 132 6.9 TheMedicalPerspective ........................................... 133 6.10 AircrewIntegrity .................................................. 134 6.11 LiabilityIssues .................................................... 138 6.12 Article33 .......................................................... 143 References ................................................................ 144 7 Aerodromes ............................................................. 145 7.1 AirportPlanning .................................................... 145 7.2 AirportResponsibility .............................................. 147 7.3 ElementsofCorporateForesightPlanning ......................... 152 7.4 LinkwithAirTransport ............................................ 154 7.5 CorporateForesight ................................................. 155 7.6 GlobalRunwaySafety .............................................. 160 7.7 RunwayIncursions ................................................. 162 7.8 RunwayExcursions ................................................. 163 7.9 ForeignObjectDebris .............................................. 165 7.10 BirdStrikes ........................................................ 166 7.11 ALookattheFuture .............................................. 168 References ................................................................ 172