Air cushion vehicles (ACVs) : international conference at the Weir Lecture Hall, RINA, London, 3 December PDF
Preview Air cushion vehicles (ACVs) : international conference at the Weir Lecture Hall, RINA, London, 3 December
INTERNATICOONNAFLE RENCE on AIRC USHIOVNE HICLES (ACVs) 3 DECEMBE1R9 9L7O NDON PROCEEDINGS THER OYA LI NSTITUOTFIN OANV AALR CHITECTS 10U PPEBRE LGRASVTER EELTO,N DOSNW,l X8 BQT elep0h1o7n1e-:2 35-4622 RINA ina ssociwaithtteih o n ROYAALEO RNAUTISCOACLI& ET THYHE O VERCSROACFITE TY RAPMIADR ITNREA NSPGORROTU& PS MALCLR AFTG ROUP INTERNATCIOONNFAELR ENCE AICRU SHIVOENH ICLES (ACVs) att he WeiLre ctHuarlRelI ,N LAo,n dSoWn1 3 Decem1b9e9r7 © 199T7h Reo yIanls tiotfNu atviAaorlnc hitects ThIen stiitsnu otatis,ao b no drye,s ponfsotirhb oelp ei nions exprebsyts heiedn divaiudtuhoaorslr p se akers. THER OYAILN STITUOTFNI AOVNA ALR CHITECTS 10U ppBeerl gSrtarveee t, LondSoWn1X, B BQ Teleph0o1n7e1:- 235-4622 Fax0:1 71-245-6959 ISBNNo :09 030355X5 CONTENTS SESSI1O- NA CTVE CHNOLOGYS-TTAHTEOE FT HEA RT 1. ADVANCHEODV ERCRASFTK-ITRETC HNOLOGY byD LRa vBi sFG,o rsatneCdlJ li,a Bnagn,Ld a,v &iA ss sociIantce.s, (USA) 2.* AEROELAASNTDHI YCD ROELADSYTNIACMD IECS IPGRNI NCIPLES OFH OVERCRRAEFTS PONSSIKVIER T byM TaoM,a riDnees i&gR ne seaIrncshto ifCt huitanena Pd AS ullivan, UniveorfTs oirtoyn to (Ch&iC naan ada) 3. FANASN DP ROPELLFEORRAS I CRU SHIVOENH IC-LPEASS PTR,E SENT ANDF UTURE byM CJo xH,o verCcornasfutlL ttaadnn,Ctd s EB d eAni,Vr e hiLctldes (UK) SESSIIO-IDN E SIGN 4. AICRU SHIPOANS SENGERNEHFIECRLREIF EOSRW ESBTA TLI C ROUTE-SAP ROPOSAL byT J astrzRe Mbisckhiaa,ln Wsd k Cih adzTyencshknUiin,ci avleo rfSs zictzye ci(nPoland) 5. NON-LIMNOETAIRO ONFSS U RFAECFEF ECT SHIPS byJ M oulDiejlnf,t UonfTie vcehrnsoiltoyg y (Netherlands) 6. AERODYNAMLIICFATL-S FYASNT PERMO BLEAMNSDD YNAMIC STABIOLFIA TCYV s byA DAo lgopLoAMl aosvl,Vo vMV,i troafnoSdv ilAcs ha koCveincthr,a l AerohydroIdnysntaimtiuctse (Russia) SESSIIOlMNlI L-ITAACRVYs 7. NAVAHLO VERCRAFT-NWAHVAATHL O VERCRAFT? byB RJu ssHeolvle,r craft Society (UK) 8. THIRGDE NERATMIEODNI,U M-LIFT HOFVOERMR OCDREARFTN AMPHIBIOOPUESR ATIONS byS ES out-hTbayiElwyeoSnuo ru,t hby-ATsasiolcy-iAoamutprebh sii oCuosn sultan(tUsK) MCMS YSTEDME VELOPMFEONRTT H ES WEDINSAHV BYA SEODN 9. AICRU SHITOENC HNOLOGY byM OrnfSewletd,Di esfhe Mnactee Ardimneiils tration (Sweden) 10. THES RNH4O VERCRSAOFF TA ·RT ECHNI&CO APLE RATIOANSAPLE CTS byL H eat-lHeoyve rsLpteded (UK) 11. EFFEOCFTE CONOMIACSAPLE COTNSF ASSTP EECDR AFT DESIPGANR AMETERS bVy AA bramoCvesnktyMr,aa rliD nees iBgunr e'aAul mSaazi'n,t -Petersburg anAdV A bramoSvasiknyt,- PeStteaMrtaserb iTunerecg h nUinciavle rsity (Russia) 12. SUMMARRYE POROTFD ISCUSSIONS bEyC Tupper (UK) PAPENR01 . ADVANHCOEVDE RCRSAKFITTR-ETC HNOLOGY byD R L avBiG sF ,o rsatneCdlJ li,aB nagn,Ld a,v& iA ss sociIantUceS.sA , Pappersree nattte hde InternCaotnifoenraeln ce AICRU SHIVOENH ICLES (ACVs) 3D ECEMB1E9R9 L7 ONDON ADVANCHEODV ERCR-ASFKTI RTTE CHNOLOGY DavRi.Ld a vMiSscC,,E nFgR,I NBAa;nL da,v& iA ss socIinact.e s, BriGa.Fn o rsBtSeB;la lnL,da ,v& iA ss socIinact.e s, ChangJbieanPn hgD,B; a nLda,v& iA ss socIinact.e s, SUMMARY Am ajborre ak-tahprpoetuaohgr ahsv oec cuirntr hedede siogfan n ewp eripshkeifrrotatrhl Ue . SN.a vyL'CsA C amphiabsisoauhusol vte rAcm roadfoetftl. h niessw kiwartsth seu bjoefec xtt entseisvttehiy inesgaa rtt hteo wing tanokfGs K NW estlaatEn adsC to weosnt hIes olfeW ighRte.s uolbttsa firnoetmdh etsees dtesm onstrated unprecerdeednutcietrndio oungsh -rweastiescrto amnpcaterop e rde vdieosuisg ns. Thpea pdeers crtihdbeee vse loopftm heninestws kiirtn clturdaidnsegt- uodfaifne rdse suolfpt esr foramnadn ce safetyt-eosfit-tnsfh t leoi wgtihantng Tk h.me e thuosdea dn tdh ree soublttsaf irnoaenm de nwo n-ltiinmeea-rd omain ACVm otisoinm ulia3nt- idoengo rffe reesea dropemr esented. Thpea paelrsd oe scriinsbo emsde,e ttahitely ,po efms o dteels ctosn duacnttdeh dae n alyptrioccaelud suertdeo s makceo rrecatnidto osn csa tlhere e corddaetfdao t rh peu rpoofsp er epaprriendgi ocftf iuolnls-c srcaaflte performSaunccpher .o cehdauvrbeee sn esfiigtneidff rioctmhae enx ttleynf suilvlte-e sscotaofilt nehg se kri rts. Thceo ntienwx htit chhse u bjsekchitarb ste edne veliodspe esdc railbowenidgtt hhae p procprreitdaotit hteUe . S. Navayg entchihaeatsvs ep onsaonrddei dr etchwteoe rdk . Fig1.:L CAWCi tChu rr5e-Bnfattg -FSiknigrte r AUTHOBRISO'G RAPHIES coupledr,h baepa sv,o ided. DavRi.Ld a viitssh C eE Oa nCdh airomfBa annL da,v isT rades-toufdffiot erhs de e siogftn hd ee espk iwrerte , & AssociIantcHe.ebs e,g haincs a reienhr o vercrtahfetr ecfoonrdeu,ac ntdee ndc ompatshsfeeo dl lowing develoaptSm aeunntd ReoreIs,s olfWe i ghitn1 ,9 59.t ypoefss k irt: Hereh e workeidnt heT owinTga nkasn d HydrodyOnfafmiiIccn1es 9. 6 h7e,i mmigtroat theed • Bag-andS-kFiirntgser UnitSetda tteojs o iBne lAle rospTaecxeta rnodn, • LooPpe ricell Skirts subsequAeenrtoljyGe,et n erianlS acramen•toS,i nBgalCgeo ncepts CalifoIrnn1 i9a7.h7 e f ormBeadn dL,a v&i s • Double-BBaugb bCloen cepts. AssociIantocef.Ss e,v ePranraMk a,r ylaaf nidor,mf navaarlc hittheacctot nst itnosu uepsp Uo.rtSN .a vy Skihrte igrhatnsgf erdo5 tm o9f tA.ld le sicognnc epts advanscheaidnpc d r apfrto grams. featsuormemede anosfv arying on-scou shion height thtahtce r acfotuo lpde roan(t ep a)rc tuisahilinto hne BriGa.nF orsitste hlVeli cPer esiodfSe ynstt emwse olfla l andsihniagpn odp eroanta ed eeper (full) AnalaytBs ainsL da,v &i Ass sociIantcHe.esj ,o inecdu shaiwoanfy r otmh seh iwpe'lsBl a.s uepdo nno n thceo mpafnryoM ma ntElneg ineien1r 9i7an8ng hd a s linteiamre -ddoymnaaimmnoi tci soinm ulaotfti hoen s sinwcoer kceodn tinounoh uosvleyr tcercahfnto lLoCgAyCi ns urii,tw asb elietvheaadtni ncrease in develoipnsm uepnptoo fUr .tS N.a vAyC Va nSdE S freeboaarc do,m bfirnooafimt n icornes aksiderted p th programs. (t7of ta)nt dh ien staolfalb autliw(oaon3rf -kh f eti ght), wast hper efearprperdoa ancdih tw asd ecitdoe d ChangJbieanjn ogi BnaendLd a,v &i Ass sociIantce.ps u,r stuhdeee veloopfmc eoann tf igtuhrfaaetta itounr ed: in1 99a5f tgerra duawtiitanh gP hDi nN aval Architfercottmhu Uern ei veorfMs iicthyi Hgeah na.s • A7 -cfuts hhieoing 3h-tbf ut&l wark writtneunm ertoeucsh npiacpaeclro sn cevrensisneg•l Ap erisckewilirdltto h u ble-bubble bag motiaonnsdst rucdtyunraamli cs. • Nov aricaubslhheie oing ht • Nol ongikteuedli.nal 1. INTRODUCTION Thdies swiagssnu bseqdueevnetllaoynpe dev da luated at1 /10tha-tBs LcAaa,lt1 e/ 12tha-tGs KcNaW lees t ThUe. SN.a vyC'osa sStyaslt Setmast (iCoSnoS ft) h e lanadna,d t1 / Gtha-CtsS cSaT.lh 1ee/ 10thm-osdceall e DahlgDrievnio sfti hoNena vSaulr fWaacrfea Creen tret esattBs L Aw erset asttiacbt ielscitotsny d uocvteerd (NSWiCnP) a naCmiatF yl,o rhiadbsae ,el ne adtihneg l anadsp arotft hien idteivaell opTmheetn etsa.tt s develoopfamd eenestpk firoutrs oen t hUe. SN.a vy's1/ 12thw-esrcceao lned ucGtKeNdW eastt ldaunrdi ng LCACT.h ep rincipalf omcroo tnisviadteiroitnnh gpe e ra1in o FOde brutao1r 8Ay p r1i9l9 7T.h e1/ Gth incrienca usseh dieopnwt ahts o p ermit risks-cfartleeeesw teMsrsC euM b seqcuoenndtulacytCt SeSud s ing operaattil oosnwps e eodn,- cusihnci ooanss,tu arfl, ar adcioon-trmooldlteeofld u rtehvearlt uhaseta ef ety particwuiltbahrr elaykw ianvgea sp proafcrhoimn ogf operatbieofno croem mitttoi fnugl l-scale asteTrhnpe.r imcaoryn cwearstn h teh roefga rte eni mplementation. watberre aokvientrghd ee cakn cda usdianmga tgoe rotating machicnoenryc.e wranstA hneo tThheserp onosfto hroe v eprraolglw raatsmh Ue. SN.a val magniotftu hdseeu rfgoer icnec uwrireteahdc wha ve SeaS ysteCmosm man(dN AVSEAP)M S 377 thmaitg ihntf lutehanebc ieol fti htceyr atfomt a intarienp resbeytn htUee. dSN .a vyC'osa stalS tSaytsitoenm staotrim oanno ecuovnrter iotnlh lseau bzrflo yn e. (CSS), Panama CBiatnydL,,a vi&Fs l orida. AssociIantc(e.Bs L,oA f)S everPnaarM ka,ry land, Thed eveloopfmt ehndete espk iwratsi nitiina taecdt aisnt gh aeg etnotC SSd,e sigtnhesedk iartn d Decemboef1r 9 9a5n db egawni tah c oncepmta nagtehtdee psrto gratme cwhisntuihpc pafolrr otm developamnedtn rta dep-hoafsfeT .h eg eneraGlK NW estlTaenxdt,r on anMdLa arniSdny es tems approtaackwhea nts o : (TM&aLnSd) RaDyymkooenDf d y kaen Ddy ke. 1.Examitnhfeee asiobfui sliiant sgyk iortfd epth greattheatrnh eex is5t-ibfnatgg -ands-kfiirnt2g.er CONCEPDTE VELOPMENT (Fi1g)t. oi ncrferaeseeb oard. Att hoen soeftt h Dee eSpk iDretv eloPprmoegnrta m, 2.Consipdreort etchtpeir nogp e(lFli1eg)rw. si tah theU .SN.a viys suaendO peratainodDn easli gn larbguel wwairtkht,oh nueet e fdoi rn cresaksiirntRge quireDmoecnutmtseh nawtta sf aisrpleyc wiiftihc heigahntad,c ceapp te rforpmeannadcluette yo respteotc hotep eramtiisosnriaeolqn u iraenmtdeh net s blocokfpar goep elflleoarwn ;da ir craft/sshuiipnppt oertrr elqaucier eHmoewnetvtseh.ri ,s documjeunstt ilfeiftathb evl eyr syp ecdiefsiicg n 3.Consicdoemrb isnoeldu tsiuocanhss i ncreasreedquiretmheapntet rst taoif ni nggeero meftorry , skihrte ipglhuatsd ditbiuolnwaalIr ntk hswi.as y ,insttaotn hcdeei ,s croeftt hdieeo sni gTnheiirstn.,u rn, thceo mpleaxniddt iiseasd vaonfat algaersg eletdoa seroifeb so tshp eciafnidde edr idveesdi gn bulwoarork t herwaiv seerd ye e(pe .9gf .ts,)k irtrequirwehmieacnrhste us m mariiTnsa eb1dl. e 2 Tab1l:eS pecifieDde/sDiRegernqi uvierdfe omDree netps-D Seksiirgtn Parameter ReaulrementNaMlauleDo rri ver CushBieoanm Samaes BaCsrealfitnR eoS ltla bCirlaRiftet svi stance Cushion Area SamaesB aseClrianfetC raRfets istance LocaotfOi uotnSe kriA rttt achmenSta maes BaCsrealfitnS eu onSohrtiC oo moatibilitv LocaotfIi nonnSe kriA rtt tachmenPto tefnotRrie allo catCiroaAnfr tr anaCeomsetn t MaximIunmf lBaetaefmdt, 48 SunnSohrtiC oo moatibilitv MiniImnucm lFuidneAadne ardl eeo 84 FinIanefrl ated Stabilitv MiniEmfufme TcitAoin voedl eeo 77 Finoer SItnafblialittevd MaximEuxmt eFriinoAgrne grdl eeg, 57f oOrp eFni nger FinIgnefrl Sattaeb-di lity 65f oCrl osCeedl l PitchS/tRaoblill itv MaximRuamto iffoi nHgeeirtg oh t 0.75 FinSgtearb ility/Recovery CushHieoino ht MaximRuamto ifFo i nWgiedrtt oh 0.75 FinSgtearb ility/Recovery CushHieoino ht Three quirtehmwaeatnns to tambilsysa inntdgh ,oe n e linAeCaVTr i me-DSoemaakienep priongtgrh awamat s thwaotu flodr tmhb ea sfioasrl d le signw awsto hrek ,d evelboyBp LeA(d a dse scriintb haeepd p entdoti hxi s cushhieoinmg ehats ufrreotdmh s ek ihrte mluipnt eo papeAr s)i.m irlealra tivset-um(doRyte ifoen1r )e nce thcer awfett -dTehciwksa. sn oatn o missointo hne habde ecno ndumcutceehad r lbiutethr pe,r essetnutd y paortf t hUe. SN.a vyR.a thiewtra ,sa ni nvittaot iporno vmiudcemhdo rree liraebsluel ts. innovdaetsiivgen ptahcwakotau gyliidnea gls dy stem thwaotu plrdo vtihdleee voefpl e rfortmhaNena cvey Thep resaennatl wyassip se rforbmyeu ds itnhge wanted. resuolftt hsTe i me-DoSmeaaikne epprionggrt aom deveals oepr oife3 s6 0s econd timoeft hhei stories Ino rdteoer s taabc luisshhhi eoinrg ehqtu iraenm ernetl,a tive motions ubrfeaatcnwetde h ceern a ftth e water analysuinsd ewrtarasik gaehttnth s et aortft hceo ncepdte cekd gaets elelcotceadot nit ohcners a Aft ty.p ical developphmaetsnoaet s seassas f ,u ncotfci uosnh ioenx amopfsl uec aht imhei stiossrh yoi wnnF i2g..T he heigthhtre,i osfkg reen pwaastsetirhn rgo tuhgeh effoefcv ta rytihnsege as pecatnrdta h beo ttom propelTlheiarsn sa.lw yasspi esrf orumseidan n go n-bathywmeeratelr isyno c luded. 14 LCAC: 12 He=5 F T V =k t0s !:S1 0 H1/3=f6t. 1 z " 0 8 1/\\,. I\� IA n,1 /A'l.'I /1A ft"I j1" "4 TF.mOJ=L 6 L.Oss2W e as 0� 6 \" \. III w J \l \\ IIi., .V/\' \V 'fI l /\I H a. >UJ '\I i,,\ \j 1LJ 'v \I V 4 � UJ 2 cc 0 -2 320 270 280 290 300 310 330 340 TIM(ES ) FigR.e l2a:Mt oitviaeoAt nf st EDeckdg e Histogorfta hmtesi mhei stwoerrideee sv elaonpde dI nor dteoar s setshasec ceptoaftb hirele istuoylft thse fitwtietadh B etpar obadbiisltirtifybu untctitooi nop na ramaentarliyacs c irsi,tw earsei sat ablwihsihcehd detertmhipenr eo bawbiitlahis itpnye ,c ipfeireiodfo d statetdh fetr heaqtuo efon cccyu rorfeg nrceweean t er craofpte rattiimonefwg, a tsepri lolvietnrhge e d goef ovetrhd ee cokft hLeC AC bmeul setts hsa 1en v einnt thdee cokft hcer aft. 10c0r alfitv es. 3 Basoendt hcirsi tiewtra cisoa n,c ltuhdaaented f fectNiavvecy u stocmoenrc ltuhdatethd di ess icgonub led freebhoeairgodhfa t p proxi1m4a.ft5twe oluybl ed furstihmeprli tifhf veia erdic aubslhheie oincg ahpta bility requtisora etdti hseefs yt abclriisthTeehrdeii qsau .a tewda se limifnraottmeh ddee siTghni.ws a sp ossible toar equsikriheredti ( gHhoJtfa pprox9if mtaT.th eel yb ecatuhsoeev erhheeaidig nhm to sotft hseu pport analyrseissuf lutrsts hheorw tehda tth ee ffectsihvietp hswa otu hlodsa tnL CAfCi twtieatdd h e espk irt freebroeaqrudti osr aetdit shcfery i tceoruailladsb oe coualldld orwwye olple rawtiiat7o h-n cf uts hhieoing ht. obtabiyne efdf ecrtaiivsteihlcneyrg i ftliocoapdloi inngtH owevteharil,ssm oe atnhtta htie n flbaetaoemfdt he ont haef dte cekd goeft hcer abfyit n staaw lalvien gd eespk iwrto uhladv teob er edubcyie ndc orpao rating fen(coebr u lwaarroku)tn hsdet eorftn h cer aTfhte. doubles-ibsdueeba ballsi,e lt lruasitFnei d3g .. mosptr omicsoinnfgi gufrosarut ciaho cno ncept consiosfat 7e-dsf ktih reti cgohmtb iwnietadhn a ft Thdee velowpomrsektn atrw tieatdd he saigntndr ade bulwwahrihkca had v erthiecioag3flhf tt . ofpfh asdei reactts eedl ectthimeno gsd te sirable double-sbiudbeb-lcseoe nafli gurPartiimoanr.y Subseqtuoee sntt ablfirseheibnrogea qrudi remeemnpthsa,ws aisps l acoentd h sei dsee able cauosfe concdeepsti wgenrsde e velfoopbreo dtb ha g-findgeesrii gsns uaesss ocwiiattthhed edo uble-sbkuibrtb le anpde risckeiwlrtilsbt oht 7h-c futs hhieoinag nh9dt- ftb ag.A sd esicgonn figuwreartaein oanlsy tically cushhieoing Ihnot r.d teopr r estehrceva ep abfiolri gteyn eratthemedo ,sp tr omicsoinnfgi guwreartei ons thLeC AtCo o perianttaeon do uotf t hwee lolfa mockedi-nau spi mp2l-eDi nflraitgiI.ona n l fli,v e supposrhti pa,l clo ncedpets iginnsc orpordaitfefdge erneenprtei rcic coenlfli guwriatatht io otonafsl , mechasnyisctatelorm esd utchceeu shhieointg o5hf tt 11s pecviafriiwcae nretexs a,m ined. antdor edutchieen flbaetatemo4d 8 f otrl esTsh.e se systreamnsg ferdob mr ut-cfaobrlacenespd u llteoy sT hceo nctehpwatat us l timsaetleeflceyta etdaus riedde novpeals siinvfels aetceodns dtarruyc tIunar lselis,x. seatlh eamtp lobyaecdk -tfoi-nbgaaecssrk hs o,wi nn skirt-dceosniwcgeenrpdsete velfoouprse iedan t radeFi3g..A ss eeintn hfiisg tuhrseei ,ds eeo alft hdee ep ofafn dde ssieglne acntailoyns is. skiidsrte siagsnt ewsdot anodpaerfndi nwgheiracsrh e placbeadc k-ttoo-f boaracm tk y poefp eriwcietlhl Thter adaen-ddoe fsfis genl epcrtoicocneo snss idecroends idoevrearbollftae hp fe i ntgaeairnl df i nfglearp . cosrte,l iapbrieldiictcrytap,efe dtr foramnadrn icsek .W itthhc iosn cheopottp,e nsciaonnbnsoes t u staailnle d Three souftl httesr adaen-aolfsyfhs oiwste hdta ht7e - ftt hwea ayr outnhhdee mloiftn hece e ltlhsue,ss sentially perisckeiifrnclt o njuwnicatt3 hi- obfnut l wwaartsk h e elimidnraadtgui teno gs coopaiswn igtc ho nventional prefedrerseiodgp nt iTohnes. k idrets igannetdrh se fingers. POINQT' POINQT OUTEBRA G OUTEARP RON INBOARD--- FINGER POINDT OUTBOAFRJDN GER ScaIlnet entDiiosntaolrtleyd Fi3g:.S ectTihornot uhgSehi dSee aAls sembly 4 BLAh asa 1/10th2--sDdc yanlaemm oidce olft he Threo sltla sttiacbo iftl hidete yes pk iwrta mse asured LCAwCh iicsoh p erianta1 e /d1 0th2--smDco aclke- uapn cdo mpawriettdeh ds att tah waatso b tawiintaeh d ofaL SD-w4e1l l-Tdheipcsak rt.i c1/u O1lt ahr- 2s-cDa lset andLaCrAdC5 -fbta g-fsiknigreTtrh. er esults dynammiocd eils a full-mboedaemtl h aits showtehdta htre o sltla sttiacbo iftl hi7et- hyfi tdg ehe p represeonfat 3 a6t0i-vlieon ncghi steucdtioinftoa hnle skciorntc (ewpitta hl oountg ikteuedli)n aclvo emrpya red LCAC. favouwriattbhhlse yt an5d-ahfritdgL hC AbCa g-finger ski(rtw iat lho ngitkuedeeilvn)ea tnlh outghhce r aft Two3 6-ilnocnshge ctoifto hnsesi dsee oalft hdee ep VCGh abde eenl evbay2tf etd. skwiertr ceo nstraunicdnt setdoa nlt lh1ee/ Od 1t h-scale 2-dDy natmeirscitf g oe rv aluoafit nifolgnae toemde trSyubseqtuote hne2ts- etD e sdtess,iw gonrs kt artoend anodn -cursohslitloa nb iTlhiert oysl.tl a boiftl hietyt hbeo wb,o cwo rner, staenrsdnt eocmfto hren edre ep standabradg -5fs-ikfnwitgar eastrl esvoa luuastiaendg skiTrth.de e siogftn hb eo wa nsdt ecronr nperrosv ed pre-e5x-isfsktti irtn.g tob ep artitcruilscaikrniylcwt yea sn ecestsoba lreyn d thdeo uble-sbiudsbeeb aillnae ts oi nbgulbeba ltte h e The1/ O1t h-scaltee soitfnts fh dleea etspik oisnrti de boawn tdh set ern. seaslh owtehdat thd eo uble-bbaugib nbfllaeas t ed inteanndwdea dcs o mpawtiiotbnhl- ec uospheiroant iTohned esidgenv elowpamspe enrfto rbmyeu ds iinng ofth LeC AiCtn h wee -ldleocfaks uppsohritp . houcsoem puptreorg rtaocm asl ctuhlseat taietn ifcl ated geomeattsr eyl elcotnegdi taundtdir naanlsi vnetresre The back-to-wbearsceek e tnfo ii nnfgleartse v aalassn dt heinn corptohrreae tsiunlngtu imnegr ical inteanndde dpd eirdfi onrm maa n nwehriw cahss i milgare omeitnrat3y o- ADu toCdArDa wiTnhgfe.i n3a-lD tot hoafats tanpdearridc ell. geomedtrraywt ihnwagat ds e veliossph eodiw Fnni g.4. 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