Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 7106 Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNAISeriesEditors RandyGoebel UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada YuzuruTanaka HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan WolfgangWahlster DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany LNAIFoundingSeriesEditor JoergSiekmann DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany Dianhui Wang Mark Reynolds (Eds.) AI 2011: Advances in Artificial Intelligence 24th Australasian Joint Conference Perth, Australia, December 5-8, 2011 Proceedings 1 3 SeriesEditors RandyGoebel,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada JörgSiekmann,UniversityofSaarland,Saarbrücken,Germany WolfgangWahlster,DFKIandUniversityofSaarland,Saarbrücken,Germany VolumeEditors DianhuiWang LaTrobeUniversity SchoolofEngineeringandMathematicalSciences Melbourne,VIC3086,Australia E-mail:[email protected] MarkReynolds TheUniversityofWesternAustralia SchoolofComputerScienceandSoftwareEngineering Perth,WA6009,Australia E-mail:[email protected] ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349 ISBN978-3-642-25831-2 e-ISBN978-3-642-25832-9 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-25832-9 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:Appliedfor CRSubjectClassification(1998):I.2,H.3,H.4,F.1,H.2.8,I.4-5 LNCSSublibrary:SL7–ArtificialIntelligence ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface The Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an annual conference that brings together researchers and practitioners in areas related to artificial intelligence for promoting research and scientific discussions. This volume contains 82 papers presented at the 24th AI conference held in Perth, Western Australia, December 5–8, 2011. TheAI2011callforpaperssolicitedcontributionsacrossawiderangeofareas of research in artificial intelligence. This year’s conference received 193 submis- sions,includingpapersfromauthorsinAustralia,Japan,Malaysia,China,Iran, New Zealand, India, USA, Poland, Canada, Singapore and 19 other countries. The topics addressed by the submitted papers illustrated the broadness of the discipline. Theconferencefeaturedthreedistinguishedkeynotespeakers,WitoldPedrycz (DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,Ed- monton, Canada), Kit Po Wong (Department of Electrical Engineering, Hong KongPolytechnicUniversity)andKayChenTan(DepartmentofElectricaland Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore). Their talks were of great interest to the attendees. This year, AI 2011 incorporated the 5th Australian Conference on Artificial Life (ACAL11). ACAL papers were submitted and reviewed along with the AI 2011 papers, and accepted papers appear here in the AI 2011 proceedings. AI 2011alsoincludedtwotutorialworkshops,theAustralasianOntologyWorkshop (AOW 2011) and the First Australian Workshop on Artificial Intelligence in Health (AIH 2011). There is a growing community of researchers in Australia and New Zealand working on various aspects of ontologies. The primary aim of AOW 2011 was to bring together ontology researchers in the region. The AIH workshop was a first-of-its-kind national initiative to bring together scholars and practitioners in the field of artificial intelligence-driven health informatics to present and discuss their research, share their knowledge and experiences, define key research challenges and explore possible collaborations so as to ad- vance e-Health development nationally and internationally. These tutorials and workshops together provided an excellent start to the event. ThecontributedtalksofAI2011wereorganizedinto18sessionsincludingtwo special sessions, a special session on “Modern Machine Learning in Intelligent Image Processing” and a special session on “Information Processing, Inference and Learning”. The latter also included a special session keynote presented by Martin Riedmiller (Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg). TheProgramCommitteeconsistedof135highlyregardedacademicsfrom20 countriesincludingAustralia,NewZealand,China,UKandGermany.Allpapers werepeerreviewedbyatleastthreeProgramCommitteemembers,and,insome cases, external reviewers. Of the 193 papers submitted, 82 were selected for VI Preface presentationattheconference.Wewouldliketothankallauthorswhosubmitted papers and all conference participants for helping to make the conference a success. We also would like to thank the members of the Program Committee andtheexternalrefereesfortheirexpertiseincarefullyreviewingthepapers.We were gratefulto Springer for its assistancein the productionof the proceedings. ManythankstotheSchoolofInformationTechnologyatMurdochUniversity forprovidingallthelocalsupportfororganizingtheconference.Wewouldliketo express our appreciationto the GeneralConference Chairs,Kevin Wong, Lance Fung and Hussein Abbas, for their tireless work. Thanks too, to the Publicity Chairs, Yew Soon Ong, Yasufumi Takama, and Wanquan Liu. Last, but not least,we expressgratitudeto ourhostsinPerthandinparticularHongXie and Shri Rai, the local Organizing Chairs and their helpers. October 2011 Dianhui Wang Mark Reynolds Organization Program Committee Hussein Abbass UNSW@ADFA, Australia Yun Bai University of Western Sydney, Australia James Bailey University of Melbourne, Australia Timothy Baldwin University of Melbourne, Australia Peter Baumgartner National ICT Australia, Australia Lubica Benuskova University of Otago, New Zealand Ghassan Beydoun University of Wollongong, Australia Richard Booth University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Sebastian Brand University of Melbourne, Australia Thomas Braunl University of Western Australia, Australia Bob Brown University of Wollongong, Australia Jinhai Cai University of South Australia, Australia Lawrence Cavedon NICTA and RMIT University, Australia Stephan Chalup The University of Newcastle, Australia Chia-Yen Chen The University of Auckland, New Zealand Ling Chen University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Songcan Chen Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China Andrew Chiou Central Queensland University, Australia Dominique Chu University of Kent, UK Vic Ciesielski RMIT University, Australia David Cornforth CSIRO Energy Technology, Australia Stephen Cranefield University of Otago, New Zealand Michael Cree University of Waikato, New Zealand Corbett Daniel DARPA, USA Hepu Deng RMIT University, Australia Jeremiah D. Deng University of Otago, New Zealand Grant Dick University of Otago, New Zealand Xiangjun Dong Shandong Institute of Light Industry, China David Dowe Monash University, Australia Atilla Elci Toros University, Turkey Mark Ellison University of Western Australia, Australia Esra Erdem Sabanci University, Turkey Cesar Ferri DSIC, Universitat Politecnica de Val`encia, Spain Lance Fung Murdoch University, Australia Alfredo Gabaldon New University of Lisbon, Portugal Junbin Gao Charles Sturt University, Australia VIII Organization Yang Gao Nanjing University, China Manolis Gergatsoulis Ionian University, Greece Guido Governatori NICTA, Australia Charles Gretton University of Birmingham, UK Hans W. Guesgen Massey University, New Zealand Fikret Gurgen Bogazici University, Turkey Patrik Haslum Australia National University, Australia Tim Hendtlass Swinburne University, Australia Bernhard Hengst UNSW, CAS, NICTA, Australia Jose Hernandez-Orallo Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain Geoffrey Holmes University of Waikato, New Zealand Wei-Chiang Hong Oriental Institute of Technology, India Guang-Bin Huang Nanyang TechnologicalUniversity, Singapore Xiaodi Huang Charles Sturt University, Australia Huidong Jin CSIRO, Australia Yaochu Jin University of Surrey, UK Zhi Jin Peking University, China Byeong Ho Kang University of Tasmania, Australia Paul Kennedy University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Philip Kilby NICTA and ANU, Australia Les Kitchen University of Melbourne, Australia Reinhard Klette The University of Auckland, New Zealand Alistair Knott University of Otago, New Zealand Mario Koeppen Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan Rudolf Kruse University of Magdeburg, Germany Rex Kwok The University of New South Wales, Australia Willem Labuschagne University of Otago, New Zealand Gerhard Lakemeyer RWTH Aachen University, Germany J´erˆome Lang LAMSADE, France Maria Lee Shih Chien University, Taiwan Nung Kion Lee Universiti Malaysia Sarawak,Malaysia Bin Li UniversityofScience andTechnologyofChina, China Jiuyong Li University of South Australia, Australia Wei Li Central Queensland University, Australia Xiaodong Li RMIT University, Australia Jing Liu Xidian University, China Wan Quan Liu Curtin University of Technology, Australia Ashesh Mahidadia University of New South Wales, Australia Zhihong Man Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Eric Martin University of New South Wales, Australia Rodrigo Mart´ınez-B´ejar University of Murcia, Spain Alexandre Mendes University of Newcastle, Australia Kathryn Merrick University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Australia Thomas Meyer Meraka, South Africa Organization IX Zbigniew Michalewicz University of Adelaide, Australia Diego Molla Macquarie University, Australia John Morris The University of Auckland, New Zealand Saeid Nahavandi Deakin University, Australia Detlef Nauck BT Plc, UK Richi Nayak QUT, Australia Oliver Obst CSIRO, Australia Kouzou Ohara Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan Mehmet Orgun Macquarie University, Australia Maurice Pagnucco The University of New South Wales, Australia Bernard Pailthorpe The University of Queensland, Australia Francis Jeffry Pelletier Simon Fraser University, Canada Pavlos Peppas University of Patras, Greece Duc-Nghia Pham NICTA/Griffith University, Australia David Powders Flinders University, Australia Mikhail Prokopenko CSIRO, Australia Mark Reynolds University of Western Australia, Australia Panos Rondogiannis University of Athens, Greece Malcolm Ryan Centre for Autonomous Systems Rafal Rzepka Hokkaido University, Japan Sebastian Sardina RMIT University, Australia Abdul Sattar Griffith Univeristy, Australia Torsten Schaub University of Potsdam, Germany Steven Shapiro University of Toronto, Canada Maolin Tang QueensalndUniversityofTechnology,Australia Dacheng Tao UTS, Australia Andrea Torsello Universita` CA Foscari, Italy Andrew Turpin The University of Melbourne, Australia Miroslav Velev Aries Design Automation Svetha Venkatesh Curtin University of Technology, Australia Toby Walsh NICTA and UNSW, Australia Dianhui Wang La Trobe University, Australia Kewen Wang Griffith University, Australia Xizhao Wang Hebei University, China Renata Wassermann University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Peter Whigham University of Otago, New Zealand Graham Williams Togaware Bill Wilson University of New South Wales, Australia Wayne Wobcke University of New South Wales, Australia Kevin Wong Murdoch University, Australia Brendon J. Woodford University of Otago, New Zealand Roland Yap National University of Singapore, Singapore Lean Yu Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Xinghuo Yu RMIT University, Australia Chengqi Zhang UTS, Australia X Organization Daoqiang Zhang Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China Dongmo Zhang University of Western Sydney, Australia Jun Zhang Sun Yat-sen University, China Mengjie Zhang VictoriaUniversityofWellington,NewZealand Min-Ling Zhang Southeast University, China Shichao Zhang Guangxi Normal University, China Zili Zhang Deakin University, Australia Yanchang Zhao Centrelink, Australia Yi Zhou University of Western Sydney, Australia Xingquan Zhu UTS, Australia Additional Reviewers Abello, Manuel Jeatrakul, Piyasak Robles-Kelly, Antonio Aker, Erdi Kim, Yang Sok Ruß, Georg Albayrak, Mehmet Kountouriotis, Vassilios Sanner, Scott Alhamdoosh, Monther Le, Thuc Duy Sattar, A.H.M. Sarowar Belle, Vaishak Lee, Nung Kion Schiffer, Stefan Bian, Wei Li, Billy Schwitter, Rolf Braunl, Thomas Li, Jun Silva, Paulo-Js Buckley, Muneer Li, Wei Slaney, John Budiono, Tri Li, Weitao Song, Mingli Cai, Xiongcai Li, Xi Songram, Panida Celik, Duygu Liu, Wei Tafavogh, Siamak Cerexhe, Timothy Lopes, Fabr´ıcio M. Tan, Kian Lee Charalambidis, Angelos Luo, Chao Tapan, Sarwar Chen, Xiaoming Martinez-Plumed, Varzinczak, Ivan Dong, Zhao Fernando Wagner, Markus Dybala, Pawel Mccane, Brendan Wang, Zhe Ferrein, Alexander Meng, Qinxue Wang, Zheng Qun Finger, Marcelo Moewes, Christian Wei, Jingxuan Ghandar, Adam Mutluergil, Suha Orhun Yu, Jun Guan, Naiyang Oztok, Umut Zender, Hendrik Handjopoulos, Paireekreng,Worapat Zhao, Qi Konstantinos Ptaszynski, Michal Zhou, Tianyi Hawes, Nick Rahnama, Behnam Zhu, Junwu Heap, Bradford Ramirez-Quintana, Held, Pascal Maria Jose Horne, Tertia Ram´ırez-Quintana, Hsu, Wynne Maria Jose Jalalian, Arash Rens, Gavin