Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes: Recent Advances and Emerging Challenges - Vol.1

560 Pages·2020·13.742 MB·English

by  Jagdish Chander Dagar, Sharda Rani Gupta, Demel Teketay

Jagdish Chander Dagar
Sharda Rani Gupta
Demel Teketay  Editors
Agroforestry
for Degraded
Landscapes
Recent Advances and Emerging
Challenges - Vol. 1
Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes
(cid:129)
Jagdish Chander Dagar
(cid:129)
Sharda Rani Gupta Demel Teketay
Editors
Agroforestry for Degraded
Landscapes
Recent Advances and Emerging
Challenges - Vol. 1
Editors
JagdishChanderDagar ShardaRaniGupta
NaturalResourceManagementDivision DepartmentofBotany
IndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch KurukshetraUniversity
NewDelhi,India Kurukshetra,Haryana,India
ICAR-CentralSoilSalinity
ResearchInstitute
Karnal,Haryana,India
DemelTeketay
DepartmentofRangeandForest
Resources
BotswanaUniversityofAgricultureand
NaturalResources(BUAN)
Gaborone,Botswana
ISBN978-981-15-4135-3 ISBN978-981-15-4136-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4136-0
#SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this
bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Foreword
Agroforestry,historically,isasoldasagriculturewhendomesticationofbothtrees
andherbaceousplantsinthevicinityofeachotherwaspracticedbyearlyhumansin
ancient times. Incidentally, there are several examples of forest and fruit trees
mentioned in ancient literature throughout the world. Recognizing the ability of
agroforestry systems to address multiple problems and deliver multiple benefits,
mostofthescientificachievementsinagroforestryresearchdevelopmentstookplace
onlyduringthelastthreedecades.Now,itisconsideredaproblem-solvingscience
andcanbothsequestercarbonandproducearangeofeconomic,environmental,and
socioeconomicbenefits.Approximatelymorethan1.2billionpeople(about20%of
the world’s population) depend directly on agroforestry practices, products, and
services in rural and urban areas of developing countries. Adaptation to climate
change is now inevitable, and research on agroforestry as an adaptation to climate
change and as a buffer against climate variability is one of the priority areas of
research. Traditionally, trees in agroforestry systems improve soil fertility through
control of erosion, the maintenance of soil organic matter and physical properties,
increased biological nitrogen fixation, extraction of nutrients from deep soil
horizons,promotionofmoreclosednutrientcycling,andamelioratingmicro-climate
favorableforcropgrowthandincreasedbiologicalproduction.
Inrecentyears,agroforestryhasdevelopedasanautonomoussciencethataimsat
helpingfarmerstoincreasetheproductivity,profitability,andsustainabilityoftheir
land. Keeping in view sustained productivity from the land, scientific efforts have
been made to classify, understand, and improve agroforestry practices established
over the centuries by the farmers’ wisdom. Agroforestry can occur at a variety of
spatial scales ranging from woodlot, farm, and watershed to the landscape in
different regions of the world and cultures. Agroforestry provides approaches and
technologies for mitigating the effects of harsh and erratic climatic conditions,
restoring degraded ecosystems and landscapes, and enhancing soil fertility for
sustainable production of food, feed, fuel, timber, fiber, medicines, and several
otherindustrial products fortheever-increasing humanpopulation.Agroforestryis
becoming increasingly important because of its multiple roles and services for
biodiversityconservation,carbonsequestration,adaptationandmitigationofclimate
change, restoration of degraded ecosystems, and providing livelihood security to
people.
vv
vi Foreword
The scientific information in the development of agroforestry technologies at
various levels ranging from the farmers’ field to the landscapes has grown signifi-
cantly in recent years. In this pursuit, I am happy to note that Springer is going to
bring out a book Agroforestry for Degraded Landscapes: Recent Advances and
EmergingChallengeseditedbyJCDagar,SRGupta,andDemelTeketay,whohave
contributed in this field significantly. This assumes importance in the present
scenario where every piece of land matters and restoration of degraded lands is a
global priority, particularly in the developing countries. Agroforestry has to play a
significant role in utilizing the degraded landscapes for sustaining agricultural
production for livelihood and environmental security. This compilation presents a
synthesis of studies and agroforestry approaches for degraded landscapes by
renowned workers in their fields who have shared their knowledge and expertise
to enrich this compilation. The editors have embarked on a wide range of topics
dealingwithagroforestrysystemsintropicalandtemperateregionsoftheworld.
I am sure this publication will serve as a useful reference book for researchers,
students, and policy makers engaged in the pursuit of agroforestry research and
development. The editors and the authors of the chapters of this book are to be
congratulatedforthissignificantcontributiontothefieldofagroforestry.
M.S.SwaminathanResearchFoundation M.S.Swaminathan
Chennai,India
Preface
Agroforestryiswidelyrecognizedasasustainableland-usemanagementpracticefor
differentlandscapes,bothintropicalandtemperateregions.Anecdotalagroforestry
practices have been adopted worldwide since time immemorial as these have been
evolvedbasedontraditionalknowledgeofthenaturalresources.Thereareinnumer-
ableexamplesoftraditionalagroforestrysystemsinvolvingcombinedproductionof
livestock, trees, forages, and agricultural crops on the same unit of land across the
world. As of today, the world’s population has crossed 7.7 billion figures, and to
meet the requirement of food and other commodities is a challenge keeping the
resource sustainability intact. Globally, there is more than two billion hectares of
degraded land providing opportunities for restoration to meet the socioeconomic
needs of the ever-increasing human population and mitigating and adapting to the
climate change. In this regard, agroforestry, which includes both traditional and
modernland-usesystemscombiningcrops,trees,andlivestock,isapromisingland
management system withsignificant economic, social, and environmental benefits.
During the last four decades, agroforestry research, particularly in degraded
landscapes,hasgonealongwaytoattracttheattentionofresearchers,primarilyas
a means of improving biodiversity, enhancing ecosystem services and carbon
sequestration,sustainingagriculturalproductivity,limitingtheimpactsofanthropo-
genicclimatechange,aswellasmaintainingeconomicgrowthandsocialstructure.
In the recent past, however, given the prevailing scenarios of climate change,
thereisaparadigmshifttowardenvironmentalprotection,andsustainablelanduseis
being considered all over the different regions while tree-based systems are being
promoted globally. Due attention is being given by different governments on
increasing tree cover on agricultural lands. The formulation of “National Agrofor-
estry Policy 2014” by India is an example of the importance being given to the
disciplineofagroforestry.
Inthisbook,anattempthasbeenmadetopresentdifferentaspectsofagroforestry
research development on degraded landscapes. Now, agroforestry is being consid-
ered not only for sustainable agricultural productivity, but also as problem-solving
science, such as control of erosion, sand dunes stabilization, alternate to shifting
cultivation,controllingseepageandwaterloggingalongcanals,protectingseashores
fromthevagariesofcyclonesandtsunamis,andmitigatingclimatechangethrough
tree-basedsmart agricultural interventions. Inviewofnewchallenges for restoring
vii
viii Preface
degradedlandscapesandtodevelopfuturestrategiestomoveforward,itisessential
to evaluate the past and present status of research in the field of agroforestry on
degradedlandscapes.Therefore,weinvitedcontributionsfromeminentresearchers
with keen interest in agroforestry and forest landscape restoration to submit
manuscripts for peer review. After going through a rigorous peer review process,
34bookchapters(includingthelastoneonsynthesisofallthechapters)havebeen
selectedforinclusioninthisbook.Themanuscriptsrepresentoriginalresearchand
synthesis work that deals with the different aspects of agroforestry systems devel-
oped for degraded environments in tropical and temperate regions of the world,
whichhavebeengroupedintotwovolumesofthebookeachcontainingthreeparts
and17chapters.
In Volume I, the introductory part (Chaps. 1 and 2) deals with the scope and
importanceofagroforestryfordegradedlandscapesandforimprovingenvironmen-
tal services. An overview of agroforestry as a tool for rehabilitation of degraded
landscapes discusses the extent of land and ecosystem degradation, ecological
restoration of degraded landscapes, and agroforestry systems for livelihood and
environmentalsecurity.Thesecondpartcontainseightchaptersthatexplorevarious
aspects of the tropical agroforestry systems of arid and semiarid regions, and the
third part (seven chapters) deals with humid and subhumid regions of the world.
Various aspects of agroforestry systems such as traditional practices, advanced
research trends, emerging challenges, and potentials of agroforestry rehabilitation
of degraded landscapes achieving livelihood and environmental security in arid,
semiarid,subhumid,andhumidregionshavebeendealtwith.Land-usemanagement
bysmallholdersasapromisingwayforsynergiesbetweenRioConventionhasbeen
explained. Further, importance of agroforestry for improving nutrient cycling and
soil fertility through leguminous fertilizer trees in degraded soils has been
emphasized.
InVolumeII,fourchaptersinthefourthpartexplorethesustainabilityindicators
and soil quality parameters for long-term sustainable production and restoration of
temperate agroforestry systems. Biomass production, improvement of rangelands,
andgradualrecoveryofNothofagusforeststhroughagroforestryinterventionshave
beendiscussed.ThetwelvechaptersincludedinPartVbringtogetherabroadrange
of agroforestry interventions for protection of soil from erosion, rehabilitation of
salinelandsandcheckingwaterlogging/seepage,utilizationofwaste/sewagewater,
andtree-basedsystemsforminespoils.Inthispart,emphasishasbeengiventothe
role of some important trees in sustainability of the system, soil fertility, carbon
sequestration, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and socioeconomic well-
being. In the last part, a chapter has been added on synthesis explaining thetheme
andepilogueoftheentirebook.
Specificproblemshavebeendiscussedbytheexpertswhohavebeenworkingin
the field of agroforestry with a focus on degraded landscapes for quite a long time
andhaveaddedtheirfieldexperiencestothevalueofthisbookwhichwill,certainly,
prove quiteusefulfor different stakeholders,including,butnotlimited to,farmers,
national, regional, continental, and international scientists, researchers, educators,
students,development/extensionagents,environmentalists,policy/decisionmakers,
Preface ix
and government and nongovernment organizations as well as national, regional,
continental, and international communities, including business people and
organizations, interested in agroforestry. A synthesis of the important observations
madeinthetexthasbeendoneinthelastchapterforaholisticviewofthisimportant
publication.
We thank the contributing authors for their long and continued commitment in
helping us with the successful completion of this document. The invaluable
comments and suggestions made by the reviewers also significantly improved the
clarity and content of the chapters. We are grateful to the large number of
individuals, organizations, and academic institutions whose research publications,
technical reports, and annual reports provided the much-needed information to the
respectivechapterauthorsofthisbook.Lastbutnotleast,wearehighlyindebtedto
ProfessorMSSwaminathan,Founder ChairmanMSSwaminathanResearch Foun-
dationandFormerMemberofParliament (RajyaSabha),forwriting aforewordto
thisbook.
NewDelhi,India JagdishChanderDagar
Kurukshetra,India ShardaRaniGupta
Gaborone,Botswana DemelTeketay
Contents
PartI Introductory
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
JagdishChanderDagar,ShardaRaniGupta,andDemelTeketay
2 AgroforestryforRehabilitationofDegradedLandscapes:
AchievingLivelihoodandEnvironmentalSecurity. . . . . . . . . . . 23
ShardaRaniGupta,JagdishChanderDagar,andDemelTeketay
PartII TropicalAgroforestry:AridandSemiaridRegions
3 AgroforestrytoEnhanceLivelihoodSecurityinAfrica:
ResearchTrendsandEmergingChallenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
JagdishChanderDagar,G.W.Sileshi,andF.K.Akinnifesi
4 PotentialofAgroforestrytoEnhanceLivelihoodSecurity
inAfrica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
ShemKuyah,G.W.Sileshi,EikeLuedeling,F.K.Akinnifesi,
CoryW.Whitney,JulesBayala,E.Kuntashula,K.Dimobe,
andP.L.Mafongoya
5 AgroforestrySystemsforAridEcologiesinIndia. . . . . . . . . . . . 169
K.Shiran,M.B.NoorMohamed,A.Keerthika,K.Pareek,
andC.B.Pandey
6 LandUseManagementbySmallholders’Householdsasa
PromisingWayforSynergiesBetweentheRioConventions:
CaseStudyinSemi-AridAreasofCameroon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
V.A.Kemeuze,D.J.Sonwa,P.M.Mapongmetsem,L.Verchot,
EvaristeFongnzossie,andB.A.Nkongmeneck
7 ImpactsofClimateChangeonEcosystemServicesofAgroforestry
SystemsintheWestAfricanSahel:AReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
KapourySanogo,DjibrilS.Dayamba,GraceB.Villamor,
andJulesBayala
xxii