Agriculture, Poverty and Freedom in Developing Countries PDF
Preview Agriculture, Poverty and Freedom in Developing Countries
Agriculture, Poverty and Freedom in Developing Countries Macmillan International College Edition Titles ofrelated interest: A. M.M. Hoogvelt The Third World in Global Development A. R. ThompsonEducation and Development in Africa C. ZuvekasEconomic Development S. Aziz RuralDevelopment: Learningfrom China Agriculture titles: J. A. Oluyem and F. A. RobertsPoultry Production in Warm Wet Climates H. D. Tindall Vegetables in the Tropics Agriculture, Poverty and Freedom in Developing Countries Eric Clayton M To the small peasant farmers of the developing world, to students and colleagues at Wye College and to my own mentors, especially Peter Bauer, who in their different ways have been a source of inspiration and of whatever insight I possess. Contents Part I AgriculturalDevelopmentat Sector Level 1 Changing DevelopmentObjectivesandAgriculture 3 Phase one: Raisingproductionand incomes 4 Phase two: Employmentcreationand redistribution 9 Phase three: Basic needs 19 2 The PoliticsofChangingDevelopmentObjectives 25 Somecharacteristicsofthedebate 25 Someexamplesofthedebate 31 3 The AnatomyofFarm Incomesand theirDistribution 41 Smallholderincomesand theirdistributioninKenya 44 Smallholderincomesand theirdistributioninMalaysia 50 Smallholderincomesand theirdistributioninSumatraand NorthernNigeria 50 Smallholderincomesand theirdistributioninSouthKorea 52 Somegeneralcomments 54 Concludingobservations 59 PartII Agricultural Developmentat Farm Level 4 ConstraintsandObjectivesofPeasantProducers 67 Theconstrainedfarm environment 68 Objectivesofpeasantfarm families 77 Economicobjectivesand farmerdecisions 78 5 The Peasant Farmerandhis Decision Behaviour 98 Thesearchfor adecision-makingalgorithm 98 Thepeasantfarmerasamaximiser 100 Thepeasantfarmerasan optimiser 105 Theelusive decisionalgorithm 108 6 Applicationof FarmManagement Research to LDC Agriculture 110 Role offarm managementresearch(FMR)inLDCs 110 VII Yill Contents ChangingaimsandmethodsofFMR (Alookat thetoolkit) 113 ContributionofFMR to LDCagriculture 121 SomerecentachievementsofFMR 125 Problemareas ofFMR 130 FMR and future needs 135 7 The FarmingSystemsApproach to Adaptive Research 137 Farmingsystemsresearch (FSR) 137 FSRprocedure 142 ObservationsonFSR 153 8 Mechanisation andPeasant Agriculture 161 PartIII AgriculturalDevelopmentat Project Level 9 The ProjectApproach to Development 177 Design andappraisalofagriculturalprojects 183 Projectcosts,sizeofholdingand targetfarmincome 186 Someprojectmanagementissues 193 10 ProjectManagement,MonitoringandEvaluation 210 Definitionand purposeofmonitoring 210 Monitoringandevaluation(MOE) 213 Monitoringand projectobjectives 214 Monitoringindicators 215 Monitoringprojectoperation,performanceand impact 216 Monitoringprojectstaffperformance 220 Resistanceto projectmonitoring 222 Practicalproblemsofmonitoring 223 An M& Esystemchecklist 227 Notesand References 240 Appendix: Book Reviews 259 Index 271 List of Tables 1.1 Growth ratesoffood productionby developingcountry regions, 1950-80 6 1.2 Distributionofholdingsby size 16 3.1 Gini concentrationratios for small-farmincomedistributionsby ecologicaland provincialzones, inKenya, 1974-5 45 3.2 SmaUholdingfarm incomedistribution,perhectare, by farm size and zones,Kenya, 1914-5 47 3.3 Incomedistributionoffanners on Mwea IrrigationScheme,Kenya 48 3.4 Distributionoffarm and household income, by fann size, onMuda IrrigationScheme,Malaysia, 1972-3 49 3.5 Distributionoffarm and household income,by fann size, ofrice fanners inLampungProvince,Sumatra, 1971 51 3.6 Net fann andhousehold incomes(in Naira) andGini ratiosin three NorthernNigerianvillages, 1974-5 52 3.7 Farmhouseholdincomeby farm size,SouthKorea, 1965-76 ('000,1970Won) 53 3.8 PreliminaryestimatesofGini coefficientsfor SouthKorean agriculturalhouseholds, 1964-75 53 3.9 Annualgrowthratesoffannhouseholdincomeby fann size (ha], SouthKorea, 1965-76(using1970 constantprices) 54 3.10 Percentagedistributionofholdingsby household incomegroup and selectedagro-ecologicalzones 57 4.1 Average and marginalreturnsperhouroflabour(shs/acre) .84 IX x ListofTables 4.2 Effectsofdelayedsowingon yieldofcotton(percentageofyield from thatofoptimumsowingdate) 86 4.3 Coffeeyieldsandgross margins,showingresponseto grassmulches 87 4.4 MVandTVrice yields(tonnes/ha),Philippines, 1966-7 96 6.1 Factorsrelatingto farmers growingAromaticandVirginiatobacco inTanzania 114 7.1 Cross-tabulationoftypeofseed-bedandtimeofplanting 150 7.2 Sampletableoftheincidenceofclimaticrisk expressedby farmers inatropicalmaizearea 151 7.3 Cropcalendarestablishmentand usage, percentageofplantings 156 7.4 Farmers'plantingsequenceandpriorities 158 7.5 Monthsofhardestworkon Serenjefarms 158 9.1 Landuse by farm size on settlementschemes, 1967-8 189 9.2 Tappingfrequency andoptimumsize ofrubbersmallholding 190 9.3 Thedevelopment of rubberwith intercrops 193 9.4 Capitaldebtpositionsofsettlerswithandwithoutintercrops 194
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