Agriculture in the Uruguay Round

334 Pages·1994·35.49 MB·English

by  K. A. Ingersent, A. J. Rayner, R. C. Hine (eds.)

AGRICULTURE IN THE URUGUAY ROUND
Also by K. A. Ingersent
AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
(with Subrata Ghatak)
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURE (with B. E. Hill)
Also by A. J. Rayner
CURRENT ISSUES IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
(with David Colman)
RESOURCE STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURE
(with K. Cowling and D. Metcalf)
Also by R. C. Hine
GLOBAL PROTECTIONISM (editor)
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EUROPEAN TRADE
Agriculture in the
Uruguay Round
Edited by
K. A. Ingersent
Senior Research Fellow
Centre for Research in Economic Development
and lnternational Trade
University ofNottingham
A. J. Rayner
Professor ofAgricultural Economics
University ofNottingham
and
R. C. Hine
Senior Lecturer in Economics
University ofNottingham
First published in Great Britain 1994 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available
[nun the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-349-23125-6 ISBN 978-1-349-23123-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-23123-2
First published in the United States of America 1994 by
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue,
New York, N.Y. 10010
ISBN 978-0-312-10632-4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Agriculture in the Uruguay Round / edited by K. A. Ingersent,
A. 1. Rayner, and R. C. Hine.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-312-10632-4
1. Tariff on farm produce. 2. Agriculture and state. 3. General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization). I. Rayner A. J.
II. Hine, R. C.
HF2651.F27 A233 1994
382'.41-<1c20 93-29433
CIP
© K. A. Ingersent, A. J. Rayner and R. C. Hine 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1994
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London WIP 9HE
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96
Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Figures ix
Preface x
Notes on the Contributors xi
Abbreviations Xli
Introduction
K. A. Ingersent , A. J. Rayner and R. C. Hine
2 The Uruguay Round: Agenda, Expectations and
Outcomes 8
David Greenaway
3 The US Perspective 26
Jimmye S. Hillman
4 The EC Perspective 55
K. A. Ingersent, A. J. Rayner and R. C. Hine
5 The Cairns Group Perspective 88
Rod Tyers
6 The Canadian Perspective 110
T. K. Warley
7 The Japanese Perspective 140
Kenzo Hemmi
8 The LDC Perspective 157
L. Alan Winters
9 The Food Industry Perspective 182
Simon Harris
v
vi Contents
10 Perspectives on EC Agricultural Policy Reform 203
Secondo Tarditi
II Agricultural Policy Reform after the Uruguay Round 223
David Harvey
12 Agriculture in the Uruguay Round: an Assessment 260
K. A. Ingersent, A. J. Rayner and R. C. Hine
Notes and References 291
Bibliography 302
Author Index 314
Subject Index 317
List of Tables
1.1 Net percentage PSEs, 1979-1986 2
1.2 Chronology of the Uruguay Round 4
2.1 The GAIT negotiating rounds 10
2.2 Post Tokyo Round tariff reduction averages in principal
industrialised countries (per cent) 12
2.3 Incidence of non-tariff measures in principal
industrialised countries 13
2.4 Uruguay Round negotiating groups 16
2.5 Uruguay Round trade-offs 21
3.1 Total transfers associated with agricultural policies (in
billion US dollars) 30
3.2 Summary of key elements of US agricultural proposal
to the GAIT, IS October 1990 45
5.1 The Cairns Group, 1987-1989 91
5.2 The Cairns Group in world production and trade: a
comparison with the 'B ig Three' 92
5.3 The Cairns Group in world agricultural commodity
exports 93
5.4 The Cairns Group as destination for ' Big Three'
exports 94
5.5 Average food trade distortions in Cairns Group and
other industrial countries 96
5.6 Effects of industrial country food trade distortions on
Cairns Group food exports 97
5.7 Effects of industrial country food trade distortions on
welfare in Cairns Group countries 98
5.8 Effects of EC unilateral reform, combined with EFfA
membership, on international prices and on EC-EFTA
production and net trade in 2000 104
5.9 Effects of EC-12 unilateral reform on production and
net trade in 2000 105
5.10 The effects of unilateral EC Reform and EFTA
membership on economic welfare in 2000 106
6.1 Canada's agrifood trade, 1989 114
6.2 Producer subsidy equivalents, Canada, 1979-1986
average, and 1987 to 1990, percentages 116
vii
viii List of Tables
6.3 Aggregate measure of support, Canadian agriculture,
1987-1988, C$ millions 117
6.4 Aggregate net farm cash income, Canada, 1981-1992,
$C million and percentages 119
7.1 Estimated farm size needed to reduce costs of
production of rice 152
9.1 Aggregate levels of consumer subsidy equivalent by
country (in % of consumer value) 188
9.2 Operation of EC export refund mechanism 197
10.1 Welfare effects of policy alternatives 220
11.1 Progress of MacSharry reform proposals, EC 230
11.2 Base data and primary illustrative calculations 240
11.3 JIlustrative policy measures 241
List of Figures
6.1 A synoptic view of Canada's agricultural support
programmes and domestically-oriented negotiating
objectives 116
10.1 Economic development and agricultural employment
share in the EC 206
10.2 Farm assets and incomes per agricultural working unit
in the EC 206
10.3 Distribution of farms by family farm income per person 208
lOA Relation between labour income and farm size 208
10.5 Structural impact of alternative prices 217
10.6 Welfare effects of alternative policy measures 219
10.7 Impact of non-tradable quotas at firm and industry
levels 221
11.1 Stylized representation of different support instruments
(EC, cereals) 239
11.2 Percentage adjustment of world commodity prices
towards free trade levels under PEGs at 100% and 80%
of 1986 quantities 252
IX