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Agriculture in the Uruguay Round PDF

334 Pages·1994·35.49 MB·English
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AGRICULTURE IN THE URUGUAY ROUND Also by K. A. Ingersent AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (with Subrata Ghatak) ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURE (with B. E. Hill) Also by A. J. Rayner CURRENT ISSUES IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS (with David Colman) RESOURCE STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURE (with K. Cowling and D. Metcalf) Also by R. C. Hine GLOBAL PROTECTIONISM (editor) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EUROPEAN TRADE Agriculture in the Uruguay Round Edited by K. A. Ingersent Senior Research Fellow Centre for Research in Economic Development and lnternational Trade University ofNottingham A. J. Rayner Professor ofAgricultural Economics University ofNottingham and R. C. Hine Senior Lecturer in Economics University ofNottingham First published in Great Britain 1994 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available [nun the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-23125-6 ISBN 978-1-349-23123-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-23123-2 First published in the United States of America 1994 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-10632-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Agriculture in the Uruguay Round / edited by K. A. Ingersent, A. 1. Rayner, and R. C. Hine. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-10632-4 1. Tariff on farm produce. 2. Agriculture and state. 3. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization). I. Rayner A. J. II. Hine, R. C. HF2651.F27 A233 1994 382'.41-<1c20 93-29433 CIP © K. A. Ingersent, A. J. Rayner and R. C. Hine 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1994 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures ix Preface x Notes on the Contributors xi Abbreviations Xli Introduction K. A. Ingersent , A. J. Rayner and R. C. Hine 2 The Uruguay Round: Agenda, Expectations and Outcomes 8 David Greenaway 3 The US Perspective 26 Jimmye S. Hillman 4 The EC Perspective 55 K. A. Ingersent, A. J. Rayner and R. C. Hine 5 The Cairns Group Perspective 88 Rod Tyers 6 The Canadian Perspective 110 T. K. Warley 7 The Japanese Perspective 140 Kenzo Hemmi 8 The LDC Perspective 157 L. Alan Winters 9 The Food Industry Perspective 182 Simon Harris v vi Contents 10 Perspectives on EC Agricultural Policy Reform 203 Secondo Tarditi II Agricultural Policy Reform after the Uruguay Round 223 David Harvey 12 Agriculture in the Uruguay Round: an Assessment 260 K. A. Ingersent, A. J. Rayner and R. C. Hine Notes and References 291 Bibliography 302 Author Index 314 Subject Index 317 List of Tables 1.1 Net percentage PSEs, 1979-1986 2 1.2 Chronology of the Uruguay Round 4 2.1 The GAIT negotiating rounds 10 2.2 Post Tokyo Round tariff reduction averages in principal industrialised countries (per cent) 12 2.3 Incidence of non-tariff measures in principal industrialised countries 13 2.4 Uruguay Round negotiating groups 16 2.5 Uruguay Round trade-offs 21 3.1 Total transfers associated with agricultural policies (in billion US dollars) 30 3.2 Summary of key elements of US agricultural proposal to the GAIT, IS October 1990 45 5.1 The Cairns Group, 1987-1989 91 5.2 The Cairns Group in world production and trade: a comparison with the 'B ig Three' 92 5.3 The Cairns Group in world agricultural commodity exports 93 5.4 The Cairns Group as destination for ' Big Three' exports 94 5.5 Average food trade distortions in Cairns Group and other industrial countries 96 5.6 Effects of industrial country food trade distortions on Cairns Group food exports 97 5.7 Effects of industrial country food trade distortions on welfare in Cairns Group countries 98 5.8 Effects of EC unilateral reform, combined with EFfA membership, on international prices and on EC-EFTA production and net trade in 2000 104 5.9 Effects of EC-12 unilateral reform on production and net trade in 2000 105 5.10 The effects of unilateral EC Reform and EFTA membership on economic welfare in 2000 106 6.1 Canada's agrifood trade, 1989 114 6.2 Producer subsidy equivalents, Canada, 1979-1986 average, and 1987 to 1990, percentages 116 vii viii List of Tables 6.3 Aggregate measure of support, Canadian agriculture, 1987-1988, C$ millions 117 6.4 Aggregate net farm cash income, Canada, 1981-1992, $C million and percentages 119 7.1 Estimated farm size needed to reduce costs of production of rice 152 9.1 Aggregate levels of consumer subsidy equivalent by country (in % of consumer value) 188 9.2 Operation of EC export refund mechanism 197 10.1 Welfare effects of policy alternatives 220 11.1 Progress of MacSharry reform proposals, EC 230 11.2 Base data and primary illustrative calculations 240 11.3 JIlustrative policy measures 241 List of Figures 6.1 A synoptic view of Canada's agricultural support programmes and domestically-oriented negotiating objectives 116 10.1 Economic development and agricultural employment share in the EC 206 10.2 Farm assets and incomes per agricultural working unit in the EC 206 10.3 Distribution of farms by family farm income per person 208 lOA Relation between labour income and farm size 208 10.5 Structural impact of alternative prices 217 10.6 Welfare effects of alternative policy measures 219 10.7 Impact of non-tradable quotas at firm and industry levels 221 11.1 Stylized representation of different support instruments (EC, cereals) 239 11.2 Percentage adjustment of world commodity prices towards free trade levels under PEGs at 100% and 80% of 1986 quantities 252 IX

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