Agriculture and Ecosystem Resilience in Sub Saharan Africa: Livelihood Pathways Under Changing Climate PDF
Preview Agriculture and Ecosystem Resilience in Sub Saharan Africa: Livelihood Pathways Under Changing Climate
Climate Change Management Yazidhi Bamutaze Samuel Kyamanywa Bal Ram Singh Gorettie Nabanoga Rattan Lal Editors Agriculture and Ecosystem Resilience in Sub Saharan Africa Livelihood Pathways Under Changing Climate Climate Change Management Series Editor Walter Leal Filho, International Climate Change Information and Research Programme, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8740 Yazidhi Bamutaze • Samuel Kyamanywa Bal Ram Singh • Gorettie Nabanoga • Rattan Lal Editors Agriculture and Ecosystem Resilience in Sub Saharan Africa Livelihood Pathways Under Changing Climate Editors Yazidhi Bamutaze Samuel Kyamanywa Department of Geography, Geo-Informatics Department of Agricultural Production Makerere University Makerere University Kampala, Uganda Kampala, Uganda Bal Ram Singh Gorettie Nabanoga Department of Environmental Science, Soil Department of Agricultural Production Science Building Makerere University Norwegian University of Life Science Kampala, Uganda Ås, Norway Rattan Lal The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA ISSN 1610-2002 ISSN 1610-2010 (electronic) Climate Change Management ISBN 978-3-030-12973-6 ISBN 978-3-030-12974-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12974-3 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword The United Nations Global Development Agenda 2030 and specifically the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aver, among other goals, a global develop- ment trajectory that leaves no one behind. This is a daunting challenge in light of the contemporary global processes and structures, but very achievable if we optimize and maximize the enormous resources and opportunities at our disposal and unlock the existing potentials. To realize this, we need an ecosystem of committed and dedicated actors to confront the contemporary challenges at all scales, in varied geographies, societies and contexts. We must undertake a correct diagnosis and have the right prescription at the right place and right time. Climate change remains a contemporary challenge in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) due to its multiplier effects. The IPCC special report on global warming reaffirms the threat posed by the 1.5 °C change in temperature in on SSA on populations, ecosystems, agriculture productivity, biodiversity, and health, among others. In SSA, livelihoods are largely ecosystem dependent and agricultural productions sys- tems are heavily rainfed. Overall, climate change is compunding the structural and nonstructual issues constraining optimal development. What can science contribute to the Global Development Agenda 2030 and in realizing the aspirations for SSA development? The main domain of science is to create new knowledge through accurate research of integrity that can assist in a positive transformation of society. The consumption of knowledge created by prac- titioners and policy-makers can yield evidence-based policy formulation and inter- ventions that can catalyze best practices that better protect the environment, secure societies against adverse hazards, and propel innovations and technologies that boost economies. Recognizing the value of agriculture in SSA, Environment and Natural Resources (ENR), and the challenge of climate change, NORAD under the NORHED program supported multiple transformative research projects implemented in a partnership arrangement between Norway and a cohort of institutions in low- and middle- income countries (LIMIC). Two institutions were outstanding in the number of granted project: Makerere University among the LIMIC countries and Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) among the Norwegian institutions. v vi Foreword Consequently, a substantial number of research projects were conducted in SSA culminating into new knowledge. However, the research under NORHED projects can only give a snapshot of what is happening in the region owing to its geographi- cal extent and the attendant physical and social heterogeneity. In order to capture a wider spectrum, more articles focusing on SSA were obtained from other contribu- tors beyond those on the NORHED projects. This book entitled Agricultural and Ecosystems Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa tackles both the natural science and social science issues under conditions of changing climate and increasing climate variability. We convey tributes to the successful authors, editors, and reviewers of the chap- ters in this book. We have no doubt that the knowledge presented here is a crucial piece in the ingredients required for transformative development and ultimately realizing the Global Development Agenda 2030, particularly in the SSA context. Bernard Nawangwe Vice-Chancellor, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Mari Sundli Tveit Rector, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway Preface A consensus has emerged globally that climate change poses the greatest threat to development and stability. These threats are more severe in regions whose econo- mies are climate sensitive and whose livelihoods are heavily ecosystem and agricul- tural dependent. A compendium of metrics strikingly highlights the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as a hotspot region where a significant proportion of livelihoods are heavily ecosystem dependent, highly vulnerable to climate variability and change, and have low adaptive capacities. Cognizant of the fact that livelihoods and econo- mies in SSA are strongly climate sensitive, it is not possible to continuously experi- ence these complex situations without triggering conflict and instability under the “business as usual” scenario. While SSA national economies are depicting notice- able promise with impressive annual growth rates, there is an increasing concern on declining ecosystems and natural resources therein and agricultural productivity due to the rapidly increasing population. These challenges underpin the need for generat- ing new evidence and decision-making support tools to create an enabling environ- ment for poorer smallholder farmers to engage in sustainable agricultural practices. A huge demand exists for scientific knowledge to guide interventions and policy decision-making for better management of risks linked to climate change and increasing variability in SSA. However, there are also huge knowledge gaps, and contributions from SSA to the global scientific pool remain dismally low on aspects of ecosystem and livelihood resilience under changing climate. It is this lacuna that largely constitutes the niche and necessity for the publication of this book. The book draws contributions by about 90 scientists, from around the world but with greater proportions from the SSA region. These contributors, with keen interest in the SSA region, have expertise in both natural (biophysical) and social science (the human dimension) disciplines. A total of 35 diverse chapters are distributed under a range of subthemes including the following: transformative agriculture, water, agriculture and ecosystem interactions, landscape processes and human security, climate risk management, and ICT for ecosystem and human resilience. The book addresses issues at micro, meso, and macro levels using various analytical lenses. The conceptualization, thematic focus, and contributions in the book are envisioned to lead to a better development trajectory in SSA. vii viii Preface The timing of the book and its relevancy coincide with contemporary global, continental, and national development processes and efforts with an eye on the SSA region. At the apex is the Global Development Agenda (2030) with the attendant 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agreed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015, which are largely focused on reducing risk and building resil- ience of the ever-increasing world population. Under the SDGs, climate change adaptation and mitigation are addressed directly under SDG 13 (Climate Action). The African Development Agenda (2063) aims to accelerate growth and develop- ment in order to attain socioeconomic transformation over the next 50 years. Nationally, a series of development plans and visions have been formulated by most SSA countries. It is precisely in this context that the book makes a contribution to the development aspirations by tackling impediments via better understanding of land- scape processes and policy options but also through provisions of some geographic- specific solutions or ICT-based innovations. It thus responds to the increasing recognition that science must provide smart solutions to obviate the current chal- lenges and improve the futuristic situations for positive transformation of SSA. We convey our tribute and great appreciation to all the authors for their scientific contributions and dedication to the book. They brought a diversity of thoughts and insights which enriched the book content and, increased its relevancy in multiple domains. We are also thankful to all the reviewers who assured the quality of the manuscripts presented in the book. A dedicated team of persons, including Paul Mukwaya, Twaha Basamba, Settumba Mukasa, and Frank Kansiime, reinforced the editorial team, and we very much appreciate their contributions. Kampala, Uganda Yazidhi Bamutaze Kampala, Uganda Samuel Kyamanywa Ås, Norway Bal Ram Singh Kampala, Uganda Gorettie Nabanoga Columbus, OH, USA Rattan Lal Contents Part I Transformative Agriculture: Science and Policy Interfaces Agricultural Food Crop Production and Management Challenges Under Variable Climatic Conditions in Rungwe District, Tanzania . . . . . 3 Brown Gwambene, Emma T. Liwenga, and Claude G. Mung’ong’o Constraints to Agricultural Transformation in Yumbe District, Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Nabalegwa Muhamud Wambede, Asaba Joyfred, and Alule Rhombe Jimmy Indigenous Grasses for Rehabilitating Degraded African Drylands . . . . . 53 Kevin Z. Mganga, Dickson M. Nyariki, Nashon K. R. Musimba, and Agnes W. Mwang’ombe Adoption of Recommended Maize Production Practices and Productivity Among Farmers in Morogoro District, Tanzania . . . . . . 69 Consolatha J. Gahanga and Justin K. Urassa Nitrate-Nitrogen Pollution and Attenuation Upstream of the Okavango Delta in Angola and Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Andrea Vushe Biochar Application to Soil for Increased Resilience of Agroecosystems to Climate Change in Eastern and Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Alfred Obia, Vegard Martinsen, Gerard Cornelissen, Trond Børresen, Andreas Botnen Smebye, Jose Luis Munera-Echeverri, and Jan Mulder The Efficacy of the Soil Conservation Technologies Adopted in Mountain Agro-E cosystems in Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Nabalegwa Wambede Muhamud and Asaba Joyfred ix
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