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USDA Use^of .Agricultural Municipal, Animal, United States Departmentof Agriculture and Industrial Agricultural Research Service Byproducts Conservation Research Report Number44 January 1998 \ > K> j»f>s»a :;,.. Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. United States Agricultural Uses of Departmentof Agriculture Municipal, Animal, Agricultural Research Service and Industrial Conservation Research Report Number44 Byproducts January 1998 R.J. Wright, W.D. Kemper, P.D. Millner, J.F. Power, and R.F. Korcak, Managing Editors Abstract Wright, Robert J., W.D. Kemper, P.D. Millner, J.F. nitrogen, phosphogypsum, phosphorus, poultry Power, and R.F. Korcak, eds. 1998. Agricultural Uses manure, recycling, swine manure, water quality, wood ofMunicipal, Animal, and Industrial Byproducts. U.S. ash Department ofAgriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Conservation Research Report No. 44, 135 pp. Mention oftrade names, commercial products, or companies in this publication is solely for the purpose America's cities, farms, and industries are producing ofproviding specific information and does not imply increasing amounts ofbyproducts. Biosolids and solid recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Depart- residues from our cities, animal manures from our ment ofAgriculture over others not mentioned. farms, and coal combustion residues and other byproducts from industries require environmentally safe While supplies last, single copies ofthis publication and cost-effective methods ofdisposal. The byproduct may be obtained at no cost from USDA-ARS, use problem presents a challenge and an opportunity for National Program Staff, BARC-West, Building 005, U.S. agriculture. Animal manures and many municipal Room 232, Beltsville, MD 20705 and industrial byproducts may have substantial value if properly used in agriculture. The development of Copies ofthis publication may be purchased from the methods to optimally integrate byproduct use into National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port VA sustainable agricultural practices could provide a partial Royal Road, Springfield, 22161; telephone (703) solution to byproduct disposal problems. 487^650. This report emphasizes potential agricultural uses for This publication was proposed in response to the 1992 major byproduct sources, including municipal call-for-evaluation proposals from the Office ofthe byproducts (biosolids and solid residues), industrial Assistant Secretary ofAgriculture in charge ofScience byproducts (coal combustion residues and other se- and Education and was approved by the Secretary's lected byproducts), and animal manures. Individual office. Supplementary funding was provided under chapters address each major byproduct source by grant number EVA-92-38. providing information about amount produced, composition ofthe waste, current uses, problems and opportu- The United States Department ofAgriculture (USDA) nities associated with agricultural and horticultural uses prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of ofthe byproduct, and research needs. An executive race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disabil- summary provides an overview ofthe issues involved ity, political beliefs, and marital orfamilial status. (Not in using byproducts in agriculture and describes the all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons research needed to transform municipal, animal, and with disabilities who require alternative means for industrial byproducts into an environmentally safe communication ofprogram information (Braille, large agricultural resource. print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA's TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). The audience for this publication includes scientists and administrators in research, education, and industry, and To file a complaint, write the Secretary ofAgriculture, policymakers. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Washington, DC 20250, orcall 1-800-245-6340 (voice) or 202-720- Keywords: aggregate fines, air quality, beefcattle 1127 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity employer. manure, best management practices, biosolids, calcium silicate slag, coal combustion byproducts, composting, dairy cattle manure, flue gas desulfurization, fluidized bed combustion, gypsum, horticultural uses, incineration ash, land application, municipal solid residues, Issued January 1998 Contents Contributors vii Executive Summary 1 RJ. Wright Municipal Byproducts 1 Animal Manures 2 Industrial Byproducts 4 Research Needs 6 Chapter 1. Agricultural Uses ofBiosolids and Other Recyclable Municipal Residues 9 P.D. Millner, L.J. Sikora, D.D. Kaufman, andM.E. Simpson Quantities and Management of Municipal Solid Residues (MSW) and Biosolids 9 Value ofRecovered Organics as Biofertilizers and Soil Conditioners 13 MSW Costs ofCollecting, Processing, Transporting and Applying 15 Agronomic Uses ofUntreated and Treated Municipal Residues 16 Horticultural Uses ofUntreated and Treated Residues 23 Other Uses forTreated and Untreated Organic Residues and Byproducts 27 Potential Barriers and Constraints to Residuals Composting 31 References 38 Chapter2. Management ofManure From BeefCattle in Feedlots and From Minor Classes ofLivestock 45 B. EghballandJ.F. Power Manure Production and Composition 45 Manure Management Systems 48 Land Application ofManure 51 Alternative Uses ofCattle Feedlot Manure 52 Agronomic and Environmental Effects of Manure Application 52 Effective, Nonpolluting Uses ofCattle Feedlot Manure 54 Research Needs for Improved Management ofCattle Feedlot Manure 55 References 56 Chapter3. Poultry Manure Management 60 PA. Moore, Jr., T.C. Daniel, A.N. Sharpley, and C.W. Wood Manure Production and Composition 60 Manure Management Systems 60 Land Application of Manure 63 Alternative Uses ofPoultry Litter 67 Agronomic and Environmental Effects ofPoultry Manure Application 68 Improving Management ofPoultry Manure 71 Research Needs for Poultry Manure Management 74 References 75 in Chapter4. Swine Manure Management 78 J.L. Hatfield, M.C. Brumm, andS.W. Melvin Manure Production and Composition 78 Manure Management Systems 80 Manure Handling and Disposal 83 Land Application ofManure 84 Effects ofManure on Environmental Quality 86 Future Outlook on Swine Production and Research Needs 88 References 89 Chapter5. Management ofDairy Cattle Manure 91 R.K. HubbardandR.R. Lowrance Manure Production and Composition 92 Manure Management Systems 94 Land Application of Manure 96 Alternative Uses ofDairy Manure 97 Agronomic and Environmental Effects ofDairy Cattle Manure Application 98 Improving Management ofDairy Cattle Manure 99 References 100 Chapter 6. Agricultural Uses ofCoal Combustion Byproducts 103 R.F. Korcak Overview ofCombustion and Its Byproducts 103 Amounts ofByproducts Produced 104 Chemical Composition ofAsh 105 Organic Composition and Mineralogy ofCoal Combustion Byproducts 107 Nonagricultural Disposal ofCoal Combustion Byproducts 109 Agricultural Effects From the Use ofCoal Combustion Byproducts Ill Summary 116 Research Needs 116 References 117 Chapter 7. Agricultural Uses ofPhosphogypsum, Gypsum, and Other Industrial Byproducts 120 R.F. Korcak Phosphogypsum 120 Gypsum 121 Leather Manufacturing Byproducts 122 Calcium Silicate Slag 123 Incineration Ash 123 Concrete Manufacturing Residues 123 Aggregate Industry Fines 124 Wood Ash 124 References 124 Appendix. Conversion Factors 127 IV Tables Table 1. Weight, volume, and recovery ofmunicipal solid residues in 1990 10 Table 2. Value ofsome organic residues based on their macronutrient content 13 Table 3. Effects ofsingle applications ofbiosolids and an annual application ofchemical fertilizer on corn grain yields 14 Table 4. Examples oforganic residue uses that result in adequate plant growth 20 Table 5. Product quality standards for solid residues 23 Table 6. Compostable organic residues from various economic sectors 24 Table 7. Comparison of important horticultural properties ofpeat, composts, and the ideal horticultural growing media 25 Table 8. Limitations, factors to limitations, and strategies to working with farmers to manage municipal yard trimmings 37 Table 9. Number ofcattle and calves in the United States 45 Table 10. Manure production from feedlot beefcattle in the major cattle-producing states and N, P, and K quantities in the manure 46 Table 11. Number ofsheep, goats, horses, veal calves, and mink in the United States and N and P content oftheir manure 47 Table 12. Nutrient and trace element concentrations in dry feedlot manure 48 Table 13. Number ofbirds and quantity ofmanure generated from them on U.S. farms in 1990 61 Table 14. Chemical properties ofbroiler litter, chicken manure, and dead-bird compost 62 Table 15. Composition ofswine manure from various handling systems 79 Table 16. Nitrogen loss during storage ofmanure from different manure handling systems 85 Table 17. Amount ofnitrogen lost within 4 days ofapplying swine manure 85 Table 18. Approximate dairy cattle manure production and characteristics 93 Table 19. Nonrecovery and recovery types offlue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems 104 Table 20. Past and projected amounts ofbyproducts produced by the coal combustion industry 105 Table 21. Concentration ranges for major constituents ofash 105 Table 22. Trace element concentrations in ash 106 Table 23. Effect ofFGD process and coal source on the chemical components and end products in FGD sludge 107 Table 24. Chemical composition and pH ofthe liquors emanating from two FGD processes 108 Table 25. Trace element concentrations in wet FGD solids and liquors 108 Table 26. Major and trace element concentrations in fluidized bed combustion byproducts compared to concentrations normally found in soils 109 Table 27. Current nonagricultural uses ofdifferent coal combustion byproducts 110 Table 28. Amounts ofmajor elements supplied by a Mg ofbottom ash 113 Table 29. Composition ofphosphogypsum 120 Figures Figure 1. Municipal solid residue (MSW) production in the United States 11 Figure 2. Positive and negative factors influencing soil productivity 15 Figure 3. Average landfill tipping fees 17 Figure 4. Number oflandfills in operation in the United States 17 Figure 5. Percentage of U.S. municipal residues and byproducts processed by various methods 28 Figure 6. Number ofyard trimmings programs in the United States 28 Figure 7. Number ofcurbside recycling programs in operation in the United States 29 Figure 8. Recycling ofnewsprint in the United States 29 Figure 9. Number ofbiosolids composting projects in operation in the United States 30 Figure 10. Time-by-temperature regimes necessary to inactivate a desired number oflogs off bacteriophage 33 2 Figure 11. Disposal ofmotor oil in the United States 35 Figure 12. Amount ofP produced in poultry manure and taken up by the three major crops in several poultry producing states 64 Figure 13. Approximate annual N and P use by several crops 67 Figure 14. Average soil N0 -N and extractable P concentrations for 12 pasture pairs 3 in the Sand Mountain Region ofAlabama that have received long-term applications ofbroiler litter or no litter 69 Figure 15. Predicted soluble, bioavailable particulate, and nonavailable particulate P in runofffrom grasslands receiving poultry litter 70 Figure 16. Biochemical oxygen demand ofvarious wastes during a 5-day period 87 VI