Agricultural problems of India

298 Pages·016.022 MB·English

by  Gill, Teja Singh

AQ&XGWLOTIAL PHOBIAS OF XTCBKA
A Dissertation
Submitted to tli* Graduate Faculty of the
Louisiana Mate University end
Agricultural and Maehanic&l College
in partial fulfillment of the
re^piiirssAanbs for the degree of
Debtor of Philosophy
In
The Department of Agricultural Beonomics
Teja Singh 0111
B. 8. Punjab tJnlverai ty, 1933
M. S., Louieiana State University, 19**9
June, 1950
UMI Number: DP69337
All rights reserved
INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript
and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed,
a note will indicate the deletion.
I'M I
Dissertation Publishing
UMI DP69337
Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author.
Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
All rights reserved. This work is protected against
unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code
ProOuesf
ProQuest LLC.
789 East Eisenhower Parkway
P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346
MANUSCRIPT THESES
Unpublished theses submitted for the master*s and doctor1 s
degrees and deposited in the Louisiana State University Library
are available for inspection. Use of any thesis is limited by the
rights of the author. Bibliographical references may be noted, but
passages may not be copied unless the author has given permission.
Credit must be given in subsequent written or published work.
A library which borrows this thesis for use by its Clientele
is expected to make sure that the borrower is aware of the above
restrictions.
LOUISIANA. STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
S9419
the author wishes to empress his sincere appreciation fm the
encouragement he has msirad from Br* BueforA M. ®fle* major pmefimse*
and load of the Bepertae&t of Agricultural Roonomies at the Louisiana
State thinrtllf* So ie indebted to him for counsel and guidance* for
milss this manuscript and making suggestions which hare added mater*
tally to ike talma of the work* Recognition Is aloe extended to Br*
Harlafr h* Meftrsmksa and Br* Martin B* Woo&ln for useful criticisms and
suggestion* in the organisation and presentation «f the material* A#»
kaetAedgns&l* are alee due to Rr. Madison I. Sturgis and Joseph 3?#
Montgomery fat their assistance as members of the candidate1* advisory
ooa&ttee* X am deeply grateful for the training given me by the
faedHts In AgdmdMi Seoaoaics. General Reonoaiee, and Agroneay*
Shis training will he of great Value to m after I hare resumed work in
ladle I* M ^ a s to develop a permanent and more prosperous agriculture*
fhe valuable assistance given by Miss M y Richard, Star*, Bavome Slay*
and Mrs. /raise Grillei In espying portions of the manuscript is thank*
fully acknowledged* Blaally, the author is grateful to Miss Mildred
Cobb of the Agricultural Economics Department for stenographic and Hyp**
lag week# and ts tdti Mother Olaire ReheVteoh of the Library School for
aeetstsuee in the organisation of the bibliography.
i n n u
L°[ 'h o <h 11
\ a, dO
0 2
. -
13264?
w m m Qwmms
Pa#
............ il
LIS? a? TA3LS8........ vi
LIS? Of mEBBS. ............................ ..1X
ABSTRACT .......... , . %
CHAPT®
I. XFSROBffOTiaK, , . . ........ i
The Purpose and Scope of Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Source# of Bata end Method of Study . . . . . . . . . . 4
II. THB PHTSICAL FEATURES A1IB BAfUBAL SffiSOtmOKS Of I25LIA, . * 7
The Location end Size of India. . . .......... , . . 7
Resent Change* in the Boundaries of India . . . . . . . . 11
Satml Regions.............. * * * ......... 11
liver Systems 1a India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i4
Relation of Physical features to Trad© Route* .. 15
Climate and Rainfall........ 16
Region* Requiring Irrigation* - . . . . 18
Climate In Relation to Population *nd Production* . . . • 21
Croat Soil Croupe ................. 23
Soil Erosion in India . . . ........ 28
forestry and ttrasing* ♦ * • ♦ * . . . . ........ 31
Mineral Deposits In India .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Location and Potential of Sydroelectric Power . . . . . . 36
immmi&L mnm&mn, m
in . m^spo®?A?x srtmiM, jm trade. 39
Kinds of Manufacturing in India * . . . ........ . . . 40
Principal Industrial Centers* « • . * * * 46
Trends in Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Xfigorts end Export* ........... 51
Public Roads* . . . . .......... 57
The Railway System* * * * * * * * ............... 64
Importance of River Comaerce.* * * * * ............... 66
Coastal Trade * * * ..................... 67
Aviation* .......* ..................... 67
Telephone* Telegraph and Radio Communications . . . . . . 67
ill
TABLE OS' OGNMTS <GOOT *3D)
CEAPTBR ■P&0&
IT* POPULATION AM) LIY3W CONDITIONS QT INDIA , ........... 0
Amount of Population in Indio . . . .............. * * * 0
Density of Population 73
Comparison of BMmbers and Density With Selected Countries 77
Birth end Death Bate* . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . 7f
The Rural Urban Ratio of India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60*
Implications of Increase in Population* . > ......... 35
Too Many Deaths and Too Many Births . * * * ......... 37
Too Many People for the Present Resource Development. • • 91
Standard of Living. .............. . . . . . . . . . 99
Present State of Education and Rural School System* * • • 105
Y. FARM CONDITIONS, AGRICULSSffiAL PRODUCTION AND MARKETING IN
INDIA................ . . . . . .................... Ill
Agricultural Regions of India • * * . . . . * . * • • * . 112
Sise of Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Methods of Cultivation* * .........* * .........* . * - 113
Important Crops of India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Reasons for Low Crop Yields . » . . . . . . * • • • * * « 124
Humber and Importance of Livestock*................ * . 136
Types of Tenures* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l4o
The Condition of Pans Laborers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Land Revenue System * * * * * ........... 146
The Parra Credit System* * . * ................ * ... * 11(3
Defects in the Present Credit System. . . . . . . . . . . 156
The Marketing System of Parra Products . . . . . . . . . . 159
Defects in the Local Marketing System . . . . . 168
Reasons for Post-harvest Price Depression............. 182
Parm Cooperative Marketing Organizations........... . • I83
YI. IMPROVING THE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF INDIA ......... 194
Improvements In the Rural Education System . . . . . . . 195
Development of Alternative Opportunities for Employment . 201
Better Health Facilities and ideals . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Consolidation of Holdings and Increased Sis© of Farms . • 204
Improvement in the Land Tenure System......... 212
A Better System of Levying and Collecting Taxes on Farm
Real Estate . . 23.6
An Erosion Control Program......................... , . 217
The Development of an Efficient Credit System . . . . . . 222
The Development of Forests and Forest Products. . . . . . 224
Cattle Improvement. 227
Changes Heeded to Increase Farm Production......... 231
Improvements in the Marketing System of Farm Products . . 241
Iv
sms of oomtsB (concl'd)
CHAPESR Pag®
fix.S OTMARY ASS OOHOMJSIOB8............ .................... 255
BIBLIOOSIPHT.................................................. 2?1
VISA.................................. 281
T
u m of $ m m
Pag©'
I. Sermal Rainfall , Variation from Tear to Tear for
Political Divisions of India *, • * . . . . * * *. * * ■ • If
II* Annual Normal Rainfall, Annual Horraal fesaparture, and
Relative Humidity In Certain Selected Centers in Various
Previnone end Stated « * ■*, * *, * ....... . . . * * * BO
III. Proposed ipydneeleotric Projects in India* . * * . . . * 38
XT. Stater of Factories In India, 1935 . . . . . . . . . . . k\
?. Industrial Production of India, 106 *, • • ...........
Ijh,
VI. Production of laportant Minerals and Value, India* 19^5- mwmr
TII. Principal Articles of Xspofts Into India With Tains,
19*8**$ , 58
Till. Stanrts of Manufactured Products from India, 106. . • . 5*
IX. Shorts of Bair Products from India, 108 . . . . . . . . 55
X- Bead tftleag* in Various Countries in Relation to Area
and Population ......... . . , 58
XI. Amount and Growth of Population la India, 1881-101* • « 78
*
XII. Area la Square Miles, Population and Density per Square
n
Mile, Provinces and Important States, 1931 and 101* . „
XIII. Density of Population for India, Bengal, United Prov*
lnoes, Bihar and Orissa, and Travanoore State* . . * . . 76
XIV. Popul.a t io.n a.nd. Ar.ea .in .Dif.fe.rent Parts of the World,
101 78
XT. Average Density of Population of Selected Countries Per
Square Kile * . • i ......... . 79
XVT. Birth and Death Bate and Infant Mortality in India for
the Specific Time ............ . 81
XVII. Average Birth and Death Bates, 1931*35* . . . . . . . . 8a
XVIII. BuraWJrhaa Percentage of Population In India . . . . «
83
v i
MSI Of M3LB3 (Otwim)
M l Pag*
m . HvmOiJ&bm ?*remtae» o# ?opul«tiaa la S.l*otea
OotttlVlM ................ * . . 84
xx. The Bleated future Population of India Calculated at m
Iftinut of fifteen Per Cent a Decade 85
XXX. Survival at Different Age* Out of lf000 laBie* Bom,
India and England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
XXXI. Relative Population Dene it lot of Various CcfDStrles. • • • 83
xnxi. Birth and Death Bates and Longevity of Life la India,
Uhited States and United Kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
X30ET. Standards of Nourishment in India . * 102
xxv. Progress of Literacy in British India, 1881-1941. , . ♦ , 108
xxrx. Ktnter of Priwojr, Kiddle, and High Schools WithNUmher
of Students in British India, 1939-4© ....... 108
XXTII. Buster of Owners1 Moldings According to Area of Cultivated
Land Owned. 1925• Punkah * • • * • • • * • • ......... 118
XXXIII. Hunter of Aeres Per Cultivator end Slse of Holdings in
?
Various Previses* of India, 1931 11
XXIX. Average Size in Acre* of Holdings in Different Countries, llS
XXX. Areas Vith Production of Important Crops In India, 1947-48 121
xm. Yield Per Aere for Different Countries, 122
m u . Average Yield* in Different Province* of India....... . 123
m i n . Decrease In Yield* of Important Crop* in Some Province* of
India, 1931-32 to 1940-41 , . ....... . 128
m iv. Average Irrigated and Unirrigated Area Under Principal
Crops in India . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . 132
xm. Increase Per Acare in Yield* of Prddy nnd Wheat in Dif­
ferent Provinces of Sritieh India, Irrigated and Unirri-
gated Condition*............ . . * ....... . 132
x m i .
Proportion of Area Under Improved Varieties of Principal
Crop* in British India and Indian State*. . . . . . . . . 13,
vil
LIST Of * m m (OQffCL'P)
SAILS
X30CTII* Population of Livestock in India (including Indian
States) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... * 137
XXSTI11. Area in thousand Acres Under Three Main Tfcrpes of Land
Tenure In Different Provinces of India* 1937-30^ * * * • 1^3
XXXXX. Otftmtm Bates of Interest for Yarious Kinds of Loans in
British Provinces of India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
XL. Borrowing and Lending Bates of Land Mortgage Banks in India,
1940-49 152
XLX. Marketing of Pam Produce tar Cultivators to Different
Classes of Btyere In the Punjab, 1938 ....... . . 160
XLII. Means of Transport aaployed by Cultivators end Traders for
Carrying Wheat to Market, Iyallpur District, 193^ . . * . 163
XLIII. Price Spreads Between Producer and Consumer for Some
fruits In Some of the Important Pruii Markets of Indie. • 184
XLIV. Progress of Cooperative Cane Grovers’ Societies In India,
193&07 to 1939*40. .............. 186
XLY, Comprison Between the Marketing Charges of Wheat Sold
Through Commission Agent and Cooperative Commission Shop
at lyallpur and Montgomery Markets. . . . . . . . . . . . 190
XLYI. Seasons for end Against the Sales Through the Cooperative
Commission Shops. 192
XLY1X. Progress Made by the Punjab Cooperative Consolidation of
Molding Societies from 1921 to 1939 . . . . . . . . . . . 206
XLYIIX. Increase in Yields Due to Manures • ................. 233
XLXX. Comparison of Yields by Common and Improved Methods of
Haising Crops Under Unirrigated Conditions. . ....... 239
L. Comp'Tieon of Yields Obtained by Intensive forming With
the Average Yield of TJhited Provinces, India. . . . . . . 2k0
LI. Percentage of foreign Matter in Wheat la Different Parts
of India ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
viii