Agricultural Development in Asia and Africa: Essays in Honor of Keijiro Otsuka PDF
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Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies Jonna P. Estudillo Yoko Kijima Tetsushi Sonobe Editors Agricultural Development in Asia and Africa Essays in Honor of Keijiro Otsuka Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies Series Editors Yasuyuki Todo, Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Graduate School of Economics, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan Takashi Shiraishi, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan Akihiko Tanaka, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan Keiichi Tsunekawa, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan Akio Takahara, Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan This is the first series to highlight research into the processes and impacts of the state building and economic development of developing countries in the non-Western World that have recently come to influence global economy and governance. It offers a broad and interactive forum for discussions about the challenges of these coun- tries and the responses of other countries to their rise. The term ‘emerging-economy state,’ a part of the series title, or its shorthand ‘emerging states,’ is intended to promote dialogues between economists who have discussed policy problems faced by ‘emerging-market economies’ and scholars in political science and international relations who have discussed ‘modern state formation.’ Many emerging states are still in the middle-income status and not immune from the risk of falling into the middle-income trap. The manner of their external engagement is different from that of the high-income countries. Their rise has increased the uncertainty surrounding the world. To reduce the uncertainty, good understanding of their purpose of poli- tics and state capacity as well as their economies and societies would be required. Although the emerging states are far from homogenous, viewing them as a type of countries would force us into understand better the similarity and differences among the emerging states and those between them and the high-income countries, which would in turn to help countries to ensure peace and prosperity. The series welcomes policy studies of empirical, historical, or theoretical nature from a micro, macro, or global point of view. It accepts, but does not call for, interdisciplinary studies. Instead, it aims to promote transdisciplinary dialogues among a variety of disci- plines, including but not limited to area studies, economics, history, international relations, and political science. Relevant topics include emerging states’ economic policies, social policies, and politics, their external engagement, ensuing policy reac- tions of other countries, ensuing social changes in different parts of the world, and cooperation between the emerging states and other countries to achieve the Sustain- able Development Goals (SDGs). The series welcomes both monographs and edited volumes that are accessible to academics and interested general readers. · · Jonna P. Estudillo Yoko Kijima Tetsushi Sonobe Editors Agricultural Development in Asia and Africa Essays in Honor of Keijiro Otsuka Editors Jonna P. Estudillo Yoko Kijima School of Economics Department of Economics University of the Philippines Diliman National Graduate Institute for Policy Quezon City, Philippines Studies (GRIPS) Tokyo, Japan Tetsushi Sonobe Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) Tokyo, Japan ISSN 2524-5023 ISSN 2524-5031 (electronic) Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies ISBN 978-981-19-5541-9 ISBN 978-981-19-5542-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2023. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribu- tion and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Dedicated to Professor Keijiro Otsuka Foreword After several major famines in the 1950s and 1960s, the main focus of food and agricultural development during the next two decades was to achieve food security and prevent hunger in developing countries. These challenges spurred the Green Revolution, characterized by the adoption of high-yielding wheat and rice varieties, which doubled or even tripled crop yields in a matter of 20 years, prevented large-scale famine, and laid down a solid foundation for the whole economy to take off. The Green Revolution and its impact on income, poverty, and malnutrition in Asia and Africa are the main focus of this Festschrift book designed to honor Prof. Keijiro Otsuka’s retirement. This volume is authored by several accomplished scholars. The book chapters cover a wide range of issues, including the Green Revolution, land tenure and sustain- able management of natural resources, the transformation of rural economies, and emerging issues, such as high-value agriculture and women’s inclusion in agricul- tural sector growth. Although the book covers mostly Asia and Africa, it has global implications. Professor Otsuka is a pioneer of research on many issues related to agricultural development. Thus, the issues covered in the book are inspired by Prof. Otsuka’s past work. Looking toward the future, escalating and new challenges are expected, for example, climate change, regional conflict (including the current Russian-Ukraine crisis), degrading natural resource bases, persistent hunger, micronutrient deficiency, and rising overweight and obesity. These require agriculture and food systems to be transformed to tackle these challenges. The current volume will inspire many to vii viii Foreword continue looking for solutions like what this volume and Prof. Otsuka have done with regard to the Green Revolution. Shenggen Fan, Ph.D. Dean of Global Food Economics and Policy and Chair Professor, China Agricultural University and Former Director General International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Preface This volume is a compilation of essays written by top researchers on the topics that Prof. Keijiro Otsuka has been working on in his career. The authors have had either a chance to work with him on a research project or are simply his good friends in the profession. The essays were written in a way easily understandable by people in many different disciplines. The aim of the volume is to identify the pathways of agricultural development in Asia and Africa. It evaluates whether Africa is following in Asia’s footprints. This volume has a resounding message that Africa is becoming the next Asia as it benefits from the earlier experience of Asia in agricultural and overall develop- ment. Africa has followed the Asian pathways: borrowed technology from abroad; did adaptive research in rice farming (modern seeds, fertilizer, and mechanical tech- nologies); secured property rights on natural resources; adopted information and communication technologies (ICTs); invested in human capital, including training; and spread high-value revolution. Borrowed technology from abroad and adaptive research have jump-started the Asian-style Green Revolution in rice farming in favorable production environments in Africa and are expected to spread to other areas. In Asia, the Green Revolution resulted in higher food production and lower food prices that led to deterioration in terms of trade of agriculture (i.e., the decline in the price of farm goods relative to nonfarm goods), leading to rapid structural transfor- mation. The most striking feature of structural transformation is the secular decline in the share of agriculture and the corresponding increase in the combined share of industry and services, whether measured in terms of output or employment. Struc- tural transformation in Asia has been the primary driver of the region’s rising income and geographic movement of capital and labor. Asia was successful because it used agriculture as the engine of growth. Since the Green Revolution has started in Africa, we expect dynamic agriculture to follow soon, driving structural transformation and overall development in Africa. Borrowed technology and adaptive research serve as important keys to a modern agriculture. Professor Otsuka has been helping in this endeavor when he served on the Board of Trustees of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) as a member and ix x Preface subsequently as Chair and Senior Adviser to the Director General between 2002 and 2010. His first agenda was to send IRRI scientists to rice research institutes in Africa and allow African scientists to visit IRRI. Scientific exchanges of this kind are not new. It served as an important process in the whole gamut of strategic processes in Asia in the early stage of agricultural development. Professor Otsuka’s dream is to have “a new Asia in Africa.” Empirical evidence in this volume shows that it is not an impossible dream at all. The volume editors would like to thank the chapter writers for their valuable contribution to this volume. Avril Adrianne D. Madrid provided excellent services in copyediting, helping from the book proposal to publishing. Laarni Revilla, Katrina Miradora, Jan Chael Pon-An, and Camille Garcia Dumalaog helped compile data, make descriptive tables, and draw graphs. Above all, we dedicate this volume to Prof. Keijiro Otsuka, who continues to guide our journey in development economics. Quezon City, Philippines Jonna P. Estudillo Tokyo, Japan Yoko Kijima Tokyo, Japan Tetsushi Sonobe
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