Agricultural Development; Farmers, Farm Production and Farm Markets; Vol 3 in Handbook of Agricultural Economics; Volume 18 of Handbooks in Economics - North Holland

820 Pages·2016·6.73 MB·English

by  Evenson R.

CONTENTSOFVOLUME3
IntroductiontotheSeries v
ContentsoftheHandbook vii
PART1: INTRODUCTION
Overview
ROBERTE.EVENSONandPRABHUPINGALI 2253
PART2: HUMANRESOURCESANDTECHNOLOGYMASTERY
Chapter43
Agriculture and Human Capital in Economic Growth: Farmers, Schooling and
Nutrition
WALLACEE.HUFFMANandPETERF.ORAZEM 2281
Abstract 2282
Keywords 2282
1. Introduction 2283
2. A conceptual framework for visualizing economic growth from agriculture
andhumancapitalinvestments 2283
2.1. Two-sectormodel:Agricultureandnon-agriculture 2283
2.2. Amultiperiodagriculturalhouseholdmodel 2286
3. Asummaryof2000yearsofworldeconomicgrowthexperiences 2292
3.1. Earlyevidence 2292
3.2. Jump-startingeconomicgrowthwithanagriculturaltransformation 2298
3.3. Contemporarycross-sectionalcomparisons 2301
4. Anoverviewofeconometricevidencethatschoolingcontributestoeconomic
growth 2305
4.1. Micro-evidenceforschoolingandeconomicgrowth 2305
4.2. Macro-evidence 2308
5. Productionofhealth,nutritionalinputs,andwork 2315
5.1. Micro-evidence 2316
5.2. Effectsofnutritiononphysicalandmentaldevelopment 2320
5.3. Nutritionandlaborproductivity:Micro-evidence 2321
5.4. Nutritionalandlaborproductivity:Macro-evidence 2324
5.5. Obesity(over-nourished) 2327
5.6. Povertytraps 2328
xiii
xiv ContentsofVolume3
6. Schoolinginagriculture 2329
6.1. Childlaborandschooling 2329
6.2. Thechoiceofwheretowork:Rural–urbanpopulationshiftandbraindrain 2329
6.3. Technologyadoptionandinformationacquisition 2331
6.4. Agriculturalproduction 2333
7. Conclusionsandimplications 2333
References 2335
Chapter44
AgriculturalExtension
JOCKR.ANDERSONandGERSHONFEDER 2343
Abstract 2344
Keywords 2344
1. Introduction 2345
2. Conceptualframeworks 2348
2.1. Informationasaninputtoproductivitygrowth:Demandforinformation 2348
2.2. Welfareeconomicscontextualization 2349
2.3. Aconceptualframeworkforanalyzingextensionorganizations 2355
3. Alternativeextensionmodalitiestoovercomegenericweaknesses 2362
3.1. Trainingandvisit(T&V)extension 2362
3.2. Decentralization 2363
3.3. Fee-for-serviceandprivatizedextension 2365
3.4. Farmerfieldschools 2366
4. Theimpactofextension 2367
5. Conclusion 2371
References 2372
PART3: INVENTIONANDINNOVATION
Chapter45
TheRoleofInternationalAgriculturalResearchinContributingtoGlobalFood
SecurityandPovertyAlleviation:TheCaseoftheCGIAR
PRABHUPINGALIandTIMKELLEY 2381
Abstract 2382
Keywords 2382
1. EvolutionandfundingoftheCGIAR 2384
1.1. GrowthinfundingbasefortheCGIAR 2385
1.2. TrendsinCGIARinvestmentbyactivity/undertaking 2387
1.3. Investmentsbycentertype 2389
1.4. Thechangingnatureoftheinvestment:Fromunrestrictedtorestricted 2391
2. DiffusionandimpactofCGIARresearchandtechnologygeneration 2393
2.1. Cropgeneticimprovements 2393
2.2. Cropandresourcemanagementimpacts 2395
2.3. Lackofsustainedcriticalmassinvestment 2396
ContentsofVolume3 xv
2.4. InappropriatemethodsformeasuringNRMimpact 2396
2.5. Lackofimpactperse 2398
3. RatesofreturnstoIARCresearchinvestment 2399
3.1. Returnstocropimprovementresearchinvestment 2399
3.2. Non-commodityfocusedefforts 2401
4. Impactsonpovertyandfoodsecurity 2403
4.1. Foodsuppliesandfoodprices 2403
4.2. Differentialimpactoftechnologicalchange 2404
5. Challengesahead 2406
5.1. CGIARpublicgoods 2410
References 2414
Chapter46
ContributionsofNationalAgriculturalResearchSystemstoCropProductivity
ROBERTE.EVENSONandDOUGLASGOLLIN 2419
Abstract 2420
Keywords 2420
1. Introduction 2421
2. Background 2422
3. NARSinstitutions:Investmentpatternsandcharacteristics 2423
3.1. NARSexpenditures 2423
3.2. ThepoliticaleconomyofsupportforNARSprograms 2425
4. NARScontributionstocropimprovement:TheGreenRevolution 2428
4.1. ThedevelopmentofGreenRevolutionMVs:Anoverview 2430
4.2. GRMVproductionandadoption 2433
4.3. GRMVproduction:Asummary 2446
5. ImpactsoftheGreenRevolution 2446
5.1. GRMVproductionandadoption 2446
5.2. ProductivityeffectsofGRMVs 2447
5.3. ReturnstoinvestmentinIARCandNARSprograms 2449
6. NARSandthe“GeneRevolution” 2450
6.1. Gene–GreenRevolutioncongruity 2452
6.2. GMcropcoverageto2003 2453
6.3. IARCandNARS“failures”intheGeneRevolution 2454
7. EconomicimpactofNARSprograms 2455
7.1. Yield–croplandtradeoffs(landfornature) 2455
7.2. Pricesofagriculturalcommoditiesandmasspoverty 2455
8. PolicyissuesforNARSandIARCprograms 2457
References 2458
Chapter47
LivestockProductivityinDevelopingCountries:AnAssessment
ALEJANDRONIN,SIMEONEHUIandSAMUELBENIN 2461
xvi ContentsofVolume3
Abstract 2462
Keywords 2463
1. Introduction 2464
2. Factorsaffectinglivestockdevelopment 2465
2.1. Theprocessoflivestockdevelopment 2468
2.2. Verticalcoordinationinthelivestocksector 2469
3. Demandforlivestockproducts 2471
3.1. Consumptionstructure 2472
3.2. Trendsinconsumption 2475
3.3. Elasticities 2479
3.4. Transformationofthelivestocksectorandconsequencesforinternationaltrade 2481
4. Livestockproduction 2485
4.1. Productionstructure 2485
4.2. Outputgrowth 2487
4.3. Outputgrowthindifferentsectors 2492
5. Partialfactorproductivityandresourceuse 2492
5.1. PFPandinputuseindifferentdevelopingregionsandcountries 2494
5.2. PFPoflivestocksub-sectors 2497
6. Totalfactorproductivitymeasures 2500
7. LivestockR&Dsystems 2507
7.1. LivestockR&DinSub-SaharanAfrica 2507
7.2. LivestockR&DinEast,SouthandSoutheastAsia 2509
7.3. LivestockR&DinNorthAfricaandWestAsia 2511
7.4. LivestockR&DinLatinAmerica 2511
7.5. Internationalagriculturalresearchcenters 2512
7.6. R&Dandinvestmentinlivestockresearch 2513
7.7. Strategiesforimprovingimpactoflivestockresearch 2519
8. Summaryandconclusions 2523
AppendixA:EstimatingtheMalmquistindex 2526
References 2529
Chapter48
AgriculturalInnovation:InvestmentsandIncentives
BRIAN D. WRIGHT, PHILIP G. PARDEY, CAROL NOTTENBURG and
BONWOOKOO 2533
Abstract 2534
Keywords 2535
1. Introduction 2536
2. Researchinvestmentsandthestructureoffunding 2539
2.1. Internationaltrends 2539
2.2. Researchintensities 2541
2.3. Privateandpublicresearchroles 2543
2.4. Researchknowledgestocks 2543
ContentsofVolume3 xvii
2.5. InternationaldimensionsofagriculturalR&D 2545
3. Theeconomicsofinnovationincentives–inbrief 2551
3.1. Staticpatenttheory 2552
3.2. Theimplicationsofcompetitioninresearch 2555
3.3. Innovationdynamicsandtheroleofpatents 2556
3.4. Istheanti-commonsimpedingagriculturalresearch? 2557
3.5. Alternativeinducementstoinnovate 2561
3.6. Intangibleincentives–opensourceinitiatives 2564
4. Meansofprotectinginnovationsrelevanttotheagriculturalbiosciences 2565
4.1. Intellectualpropertyrights 2565
4.2. Alternativestointellectualpropertyrights 2574
5. ThegloballyevolvinginstitutionalenvironmentforagriculturalIPR 2577
5.1. InternationalUnionfortheProtectionofNewVarietiesofPlants(UPOV) 2577
5.2. Internationalundertakingonplantgeneticresources 2578
5.3. ConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD) 2579
5.4. Trade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS) 2580
5.5. Internationaltreatyonplantgeneticresourcesforfoodandagriculture 2582
6. InstrumentsfortransactionsinagriculturalIPR 2583
6.1. Licenses 2584
6.2. Materialtransferagreements(MTAs) 2585
6.3. Bag-labelcontracts 2586
6.4. Technologyuseagreements 2586
7. IPRtrendsforplantvarieties 2586
7.1. Globaltrendsincrop-relatedIPRs 2587
7.2. Biotechnologypatentingpatterns 2593
8. Conclusion 2595
References 2596
Chapter49
PrivateAgriculturalResearch
CARLE.PRAY,KEITHO.FUGLIEandDANIELK.N.JOHNSON 2605
Abstract 2606
Keywords 2606
1. Introduction 2607
2. History,sizeandstructureofprivateagriculturalresearch 2607
3. Privateagriculturalresearchoutput 2615
4. Diffusionofprivateagriculturaltechnology 2622
5. Impactofprivateagriculturalresearch 2627
5.1. Econometricestimatesofimpactofprivateresearchandtechnologytransfer 2628
5.2. Micro-levelstudiesofprivateresearchimpactandthedistributionofbenefitsbetweenpri-
vatefirmsandfarms 2630
6. Incentivesforprivateagriculturalresearchandtheroleofpublicpolicy 2633
6.1. Appropriatingbenefitsofagriculturalresearch 2633
xviii ContentsofVolume3
6.2. Theroleofpublicresearch 2635
6.3. Industrialandregulatorypolicies 2636
7. Conclusions 2636
References 2638
Chapter50
PlantBiotechnologyforDevelopingCountries
ROBERTHERDT,GARYTOENNIESSENandJOHNO’TOOLE 2641
Abstract 2642
Keywords 2642
1. Introduction 2643
2. Biotechnologytools 2644
2.1. Tissueculture 2644
2.2. Marker-aidedselection 2645
2.3. Geneticengineering 2646
2.4. Plantgenomics 2647
3. Cropvarietydevelopmentindevelopingcountries 2648
3.1. ThecontinuingGreenRevolution 2649
3.2. Near-termcropbiotechnologypossibilitiesfordevelopingcountries 2651
3.3. Capacity-buildingforbiotechnology 2654
4. Institutionalcapacity 2657
4.1. Proprietaryproperty 2657
4.2. Regulatorysystems 2660
4.3. Publicacceptanceandfarmeradoption 2661
5. Conclusions 2663
References 2664
PART4: MARKETS,INSTITUTIONSANDTRANSACTIONCOSTS
Chapter51
EfficiencyandEquityEffectsofLandMarkets
KEIJIROOTSUKA 2671
Abstract 2672
Keywords 2672
1. Introduction 2673
2. Anoverviewofagrarianeconomies 2675
3. Theoreticalframework 2679
3.1. Asimplemodeloflandandlabortransactions 2680
3.2. Onthedominanceoflandtenancytransactions 2681
3.3. Advantagesofsharetenancy 2683
3.4. Competingmodelsofsharetenancy 2684
3.5. Landtenuresecurityandinvestment 2687
3.6. Adjustmentcostsandallocativeefficiency 2688
ContentsofVolume3 xix
4. Areviewofempiricalstudies 2689
4.1. Efficiencyofsharetenancy 2689
4.2. Efficiencyoflandallocationanduse 2691
4.3. Landtenuresecurityandinvestment 2694
4.4. Equityeffectsoftenancytransactions 2695
5. Concludingremarks 2696
References 2698
Chapter52
Labor:Decisions,ContractsandOrganization
JAMESROUMASSETandSANG-HYOPLEE 2705
Abstract 2706
Keywords 2706
1. Introduction 2707
2. Theoreticalandempiricalissues 2708
2.1. Thewedge-modelfarm-householddecisions 2708
2.2. Farmsize,transactioncost,andefficiency 2710
2.3. Separabilityandsubstitutability 2713
2.4. Share,piece-rateandwagecontracts 2716
2.5. Efficiencywages 2720
2.6. Casualvspermanentworkers 2721
3. Extensions:Towardaco-evolutionaryviewofagriculturalorganization 2723
3.1. Interdependencyofmarkets,contracts,andfarm-householdorganization 2723
3.2. Theco-evolutionofcontracts,markets,andspecialization 2724
3.3. Unresolvedquestionsandconceptualchallenges 2730
4. Policyconsiderationsanddirectionsforfurtherresearch 2733
References 2734
Chapter53
FertilizersandOtherFarmChemicals
PAULW.HEISEYandGEORGEW.NORTON 2741
Abstract 2742
Keywords 2742
1. Introduction 2743
2. Consumptionoffertilizersandpesticides 2744
2.1. Fertilizerconsumptionbyregion 2744
2.2. Consumptionbycrop 2747
2.3. Pesticideconsumption 2751
3. Determinantsofconsumption 2753
3.1. Levelofanalysis 2753
3.2. Determinantsoffertilizersupply 2754
3.3. Demandsidefactors 2755
3.4. Prices 2757
xx ContentsofVolume3
3.5. Determinantsofpesticideconsumption 2761
4. Issuesinmarketdevelopment 2764
4.1. Priceandregulatorypolicyforfertilizerandotherfarmchemicalsindevelopingcountries 2765
4.2. Experienceswithmarketreform 2766
4.3. Fertilizer,pesticides,andnegativeexternalitiesindevelopingcountries 2769
5. Summary 2770
References 2772
Chapter54
AgriculturalMechanization:AdoptionPatternsandEconomicImpact
PRABHUPINGALI 2779
Abstract 2780
Keywords 2780
1. Introduction 2781
2. Trendsandpatternsinagriculturalmechanization 2782
2.1. Powertillers/tractors 2783
2.2. Millingandotherpost-harvestoperations 2787
2.3. Harvestingandthreshingoperations 2788
2.4. Laborsubstitutionfor“control-intensive”operations 2790
3. Impactsofagriculturalmechanization 2792
3.1. Landpreparation 2792
3.2. Mechanizationofpost-harvestoperations 2796
4. Implicationsformechanizationpolicy 2799
4.1. Tractorsareapoorinstrumentforstimulatingagriculturalgrowth 2799
4.2. Agriculturalmechanizationpolicyoughttobeseenwithinthecontextofanoverallagricul-
turalgrowthstrategy 2799
4.3. Thedemandformotorizingpowerintensiveoperations,suchastillageandthreshing,is
closelyassociatedwiththeintensificationoffarmingsystems,whilethemechanizationof
control-intensiveoperations,suchasweeding,isdrivenbyrisingrealwages 2800
4.4. Promotionofsmallstationarymachinesforpower-intensiveoperationssuchasmillingand
pumpingcanhavesignificantbenefitsforthepoor 2800
4.5. Clearlyestablishedpropertyrightscouldminimizetheriskofdisplacementofsmallfarmers
fromtheirland 2801
4.6. Adoptionoflaborsavingtechnologydoesnotalwaysimplylabordisplacement 2801
4.7. Publicsectorruntractorpromotionprojects,includingtractor-hireoperations,haveneither
beensuccessfulnorequitable 2801
4.8. Alleviatingsupplysideconstraintstomechanizationisimportant,butonlywherethede-
mandconditionsarerightandtheenablingenvironmentisinplace 2802
4.9. Conservation agriculture is not a panacea for farming systems that are not mechanized
today 2802
4.10. Globalintegrationoffoodandinputmarketscanhavepositiveaswellasnegativeconse-
quencesforsmallfarmmechanization 2803
References 2803
ContentsofVolume3 xxi
Chapter55
Transformation of Markets for Agricultural Output in Developing Countries
Since1950:HowHasThinkingChanged?
THOMASREARDONandC.PETERTIMMER 2807
Abstract 2808
Keywords 2808
1. Introduction 2809
2. Analyticalframework 2811
3. Transformationofmarkets:Commoditymarketdevelopment,1950sto1980s 2814
3.1. Phase1–1950s–1960s:Growthasthepolicyobjectiveforgraincommoditymarkets 2815
3.2. Phase2–1970stoearly1980s:Thepolicyobjectivebecomesimprovingincomedistribu-
tionfromthetransactionsingraincommoditymarkets 2818
3.3. Phase3–early–mid1980stotheearly–mid1990s:Structuraladjustmentofmarketsand
“gettingpricesright” 2820
3.4. Phase4–1990s:Secondgenerationofreforms,“gettinginstitutionsright”andtheriseof
newinstitutionaleconomicsresearchondevelopingcountrymarkets 2822
4. Phase5–mid-1990stothepresent:Globalizationandproductmarketdevel-
opmentindevelopingcountries 2823
4.1. Theimpactofglobalizationonoutputmarketsindevelopingcountries:Tradeliberalization
isjustthe“tipoftheiceberg”–FDIliberalizationwascrucial 2824
4.2. Theriseofsupermarkets:Downstreamchangesinfoodsystemsinthe1990sdriveagrifood
markettransformation 2827
5. Whowinsandwholosesintheretail-driventransformationofagrifoodprod-
uctmarketsduringglobalization? 2841
5.1. Driversofthedistributionofnetbenefitsfromoutputmarkettransformation:Thebroad
view 2841
5.2. Emergingevidenceofthedistributionaleffectsofthedemand-side(foodindustrytransfor-
mation)onthesupply-side(producers) 2844
6. Whatwedonotknow:Aresearchagenda 2847
References 2849
Chapter56
RuralFinancialMarketsinDevelopingCountries
JONATHANCONNINGandCHRISTOPHERUDRY 2857
Abstract 2858
Keywords 2858
1. Introduction 2859
2. Salientcharacteristicsofruralfinancialmarkets 2861
2.1. Fragmentedorabsentmarkets 2861
2.2. Governmentinterventions 2864
3. Modelsofruralfinancialmarkets 2868
3.1. Thecompletemarketsbenchmark 2870
3.2. Empiricaltestsofefficientrisksharing 2871