Agrarian Reform and Farmer Resistance in Punjab This book examines different dimensions of farmer agitations in Punjab, India. It situates the 2020–2021 farmer resistance movement within the wider context of India’s post-independent development trajectory and pro- vides a thorough analysis of various aspects of the farmers’ movement in India. The volume contextualizes Punjab’s history of farmer resistance, organi- zation and mobilization strategies, the globalization of the movement, ways of both sustaining the movement and building resilience. While providing a critical understanding of the three farm laws introduced in India in 2020, the book looks at how they may impact farm operations and livelihoods in the post-Green Revolution period and evaluates strategies of inclusive mo- bilization for gathering support and sustaining the movement both within India and abroad, with special focus on the role of the Sikh diaspora. Es- says in this volume also discuss the participation of women in the struggle and how their experience has the potential to transform gender relations both at home and in the public sphere. Integrated, comprehensive and concisely written by well-known experts, this book will be of interest to those involved with Punjab’s social, political and economic history, and students and researchers of food and agriculture in developing countries, peasant and social movements, Indian federalism and role of diasporas as non-state actors. Shinder Singh Thandi, PhD, is a former Professor who taught in the Global Studies Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA. Previously, he was based at Coventry University, UK, where he was head of Department of Economics, Finance and Accounting from 2009 to 2015. He is founder-editor of the Journal of Sikh & Punjab Studies, published since 1994. He has published many journal articles and book chapters on Indian and Punjabi migration and on different dimensions of Sikh diaspora and homeland relations. He co-authored A South Asian History of Britain: Four Centuries of Peoples from the Indian Sub-Continent (with Michael Fisher and Shompa Lahiri; 2007) and co-edited People on the Move: Pun- jabi Colonial and Post-Colonial Migration (with Ian Talbot; 2004) and Punjabi Identity in a Global Context (with Pritam Singh; 1999). Agrarian Reform and Farmer Resistance in Punjab Mobilization and Resilience Edited by Shinder Singh Thandi First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Shinder Singh Thandi; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Shinder Singh Thandi to be identifed as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily refect the views and opinions of Routledge. Authors are responsible for all contents in their articles including accuracy of the facts, statements, and citations. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-032-29189-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-33522-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-32000-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003320005 Typeset in Sabon by codeMantra Dedicated to all the farmers who participated in the 2020–2021 agitation, including those who gave their lives during the struggle Contents List of contributors ix Preface and Acknowledgements xiii Introduction to Agrarian Reforms and the 2020–2021 Farmer Resistance: A Momentous Morcha 1 SHINDER S. THANDI PART I Historical, Literary and Comparative Perspectives 15 1 Agrarian Resistance in Punjab: Contextualizing Farmer Protests at the Gates of Delhi in a Historical Perspective 17 RONKI RAM 2 Kisan Protests in Punjab 1907–2021: A Literary Lineage of Resistance 74 PRABHJOT PARMAR AND AMANDEEP KAUR 3 A Tale of Two Punjabi Peasant Agitations: Comparing 1907 and 2020–2021 98 SUKHDEV S. SOHAL 4 From Disunity to Unity: Organization, Mobilization Strategies and Achievements of the Recent Farmers’ Movement in Punjab 118 SUCHA S. GILL 5 Contemporary Farmers’ Protests and the Legacy of the 1980s: Changes in Ideology, Class Coalitions and Political Structure 139 VIRGINIA VAN DYKE viii Contents PART II Dimensions and Dynamics of Reform, Resistance and Resilience 157 6 Farm Laws, Federalism and Farm Protests: Challenges for Punjab 159 PRITAM SINGH 7 ‘Modernist’ Teleology and Futures of Agriculture: Making Sense of the Punjabi Farmers’ Movement of 2020–2021 181 SURINDER S. JODHKA 8 Reforming Agricultural Markets for Agrarian Transformation: Potential Implications of Repealed Farm Acts for Punjab 202 SUKHPAL SINGH 9 Mera Pind, Mera Sabhyachar, Mera Virsa: Understanding Sikh Diaspora Support for the Punjab Kisan Morcha 221 SHINDER S. THANDI 10 Enhancing Visibility, Extending Solidarity: Women’s Participation in the 2020–2021 Farmer Protests 246 SWAROOPA LAHIRI Index 267 Contributors Dr. Sucha S. Gill is a former Director General (2010–2014) of Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development (CRRID), Chandigarh, and also worked there as Senior Professor and Research Coordinator (2014–2019). He also served as member of Revenue Commission, Gov- ernment of Punjab (2019–2022). Earlier, he taught at Punjabi University Patiala (1972–2010) and served as Professor and Head of the Depart- ment of Economics (1997–2000), Dean of Social Sciences (2004–2006), Dean of Academic Affairs (2006–2008), Dean of Research (2008–2009) and Director of Centre for North-West Asia (Pakistan and Afghanistan (2006–2010). He has published extensively on Punjab in reputed jour- nals and edited several volumes. Among these include an edited volume Philosophy of Guru Nanak (2020); Chasing High Growth Rate and Tryst with Inclusiveness (CRRID, 2019); and edited volumes: Economic and Environment Sustainability in South Asia with Lakhwinder Singh and Reena Marwah (Routledge, 2010) and Land Reforms in India: Capitalist Intervention in Punjab and Haryana (2001). He is at present Vice Chairman of the Indian Association of Social Science Institutions (IASSI). Dr. Surinder S. Jodhka is a Professor of Sociology at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He researches on social inequalities, caste in contemporary times, rural/agrarian change and community identities. His recent publications include India’s Villages in the 21st Century: Revisits and Revisions (ed with Edward Simpson 2019); Mapping the Elite: Power, Privilege and Inequality (ed. with Jules Naudet, 2019); A Handbook of Rural India. 2018 (ed.); Contested Hierarchies: Caste and Power in 21st Century (ed. with James Manor) 2018; Inequality in Capitalist Societies, Routledge (with Boike Rehbien and Jesse Souza) 2018; The Indian Middle-Class, 2016 (with Aseem Prakash); Caste in Contemporary India, Routledge 2015/2018; and Caste: Oxford India Short Introductions, 2012. Dr. Amandeep Kaur is currently Assistant Professor of English at Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. Her research maps the growth of