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Theory and Decision Library A: Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science Constanze Binder Agency, Freedom and Choice Theory and Decision Library A: Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science Volume 53 SeriesEditors JulianNida-Rümelin Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen,München,Berlin,Germany MartinRechenauer Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen,München,Germany Thisseriesdealswithpracticalandsocialphilosophyandalsofoundationalissues inphilosophyofscienceingeneralthatrelyonmethodsbroadlybasedonrational choice.TheemphasisintheSeriesAisonwell-argued,thoroughly analyticaland philosophicalratherthanadvancedmathematicaltreatmentsthatusemethodsfrom decision theory, game theory and social choice theory. Particular attention is paid toworkinpracticalphilosophybroadlyconceived,thetheoryofrationality,issues in collective intentionality, and philosophy of science, especially interdisciplinary approachestosocialsciencesandeconomics.AssistantEditor:MartinRechenauer (München) Editorial Board: Raymond Boudon (Paris), Mario Bunge (Montréal), Franz Dietrich (Paris & East Anglia), Stephan Hartmann (LMU Munich), Martin vanHees(Amsterdam),IsaacLevi(NewYork),RichardV.Mattessich(Vancouver), BertrandMunier(Cachan),OlivierRoy(Bayreuth),AmartyaK.Sen(Cambridge), Brian Skyrms (Irvine), Wolfgang Spohn (Konstanz), and Katie Steele (London SchoolofEconomics). Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/6616 Constanze Binder Agency, Freedom and Choice 123 ConstanzeBinder ErasmusInstituteofPhilosophy andEconomics, ErasmusSchoolofPhilosophy, ErasmusUniversityRotterdam Rotterdam,Zuid-Holland TheNetherlands ISSN0921-3384 ISSN2352-2119 (electronic) TheoryandDecisionLibraryA: ISBN978-94-024-1613-8 ISBN978-94-024-1615-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1615-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018964702 ©SpringerNatureB.V.2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureB.V. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:VanGodewijckstraat30,3311GXDordrecht,TheNetherlands Tomyparents, mysister, andmyteachers, ingratitude. Acknowledgements The path of inquiry leading to this book, rough as it was at times, would not have beenasrich,fascinatingandinspiringifitwerenotforthegreatmanypeoplewho crossed and shaped it. The journey to this book began while I was finishing my studies at Graz University. Nick Baigent sparked my first interest in social choice theory and formal work. I am deeply grateful to him for his continuous support, patientmentoringandfriendshipthroughouttheyears. Mostoftheresearchcontainedinthisbookwasconductedaspartoftheresearch programmeModellingFreedom:FormalAnalysisandNormativePhilosophyledby MartinvanHeesattheFacultyofPhilosophyoftheUniversityofGroningen.Iam verygratefultoMartinvanHeesforhisrepeatedanddetailedcommentsonallthe chaptersofthisvolumeandmanyinspiringdiscussionsonthetopic.Furthermore,I amgratefultomycolleaguesattheFacultyofPhilosophyofGroningenUniversity fortheirsupportandtheveryfruitfulenvironmentinwhichIwasabletoconductthis research.Withouttheinspiringresearchgroupmeetings,whetherthe‘Grundlegung’ meetings,thePCCPgatheringsortheRIDEsessionsandthemanylunchanddinner discussions, this book would not be in your hands right now. I am particularly indebted to Han Thomas Adriaenssen, David Atkinson, René Boomkens, Igor Douven, Katherine Gardiner, Michel ter Hark, Pieter Boele van Hensbroek, Marli Huijer, Pauline Kleingeld, Barteld Kooi, Ulianov Montano, Baukje Prins, Jeanne Peijnenburg,MartinePrange,BryanRenne,Jan-WillemRomeijn,AllardTamminga and Judith Vega for their probing questions and inspiring comments during these sessions.SpecialgratitudeisowedtothemembersoftheEthicsDepartment.Icould nothaveimaginedabetterplacetoconductthisresearch.Iamparticularlyindebted toMatthewBraham,BoudewijndeBruin,BethHuffer,FrankHindriks,MarcPauly, Jan-WillemvanderRijt,OlivierRoy,AnkeSchuster,PeterTimmermanandMartin vanHees.Theynotonlycommentedextensivelyandpatientlyonmyworkbutwere alwaysreadyto‘takeoff’inpursuitofanideaortoengageinapleasantargument. Itwasapleasureandprivilegetoconductpartoftheresearchforthisbookatthe EconomicsDepartmentofOsnabrückUniversity.IamparticularlyindebtedtoWulf Gaertner:thefascinatingconversationsIhadwithhiminspiredandshapedmanyof the ideas in this book. Moreover, I would like to thank Lars Schwettmann for the vii viii Acknowledgements greatdiscussionswehadandhiscommentsonapaperwhichwasapredecessorof Chap.6inthisvolume. The book was completed at Erasmus University Rotterdam. I am particularly indebted to the members of the Erasmus School of Philosophy and the Erasmus Institute for Philosophy and Economics (EIPE). The fascinating discussions with IngridRobeynsovertheyearsand,inparticular,duringthetimewewerecolleagues at Erasmus University were a major inspiration and motivation for large parts of theresearchcontainedinthisvolume.IamalsoindebtedtoConradHeilmannand Jack Vromen for their collegiality and support, as well as for the productive and inspiring atmosphere they created at the EIPE over the past years. Furthermore, I would like to thank Måns Abrahamson, Christiaan Broeckmann, Huub Brouwer, Manuel Buitenhuis, Christopher Clarke, Morten Fiebiger Byskov, Çaglar Dede, ErwinDekker,SamvanDijk,PatrickDelaere,WillemvanderDijl,JamesGrayot, Marli Huijer, Vaios Koliofotis, Sem de Maagt, Gijs van Oenen, Ilse Oosterlaken, Julian Reiss, Attilia Ruzzene, Maureen Sie, Daphne Truijens, Philippe Verreault- Julien, Tom Wells and Stefan Wintein for their organisational support and/or their probing and inspiring comments during our discussions on the topics covered in this volume. Special gratitude I owe to Ticia Herold, Evaline Bender, Marloes Westerveld and Lena Schots for their great administrative and managerial support in the past years. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank Frank van der Duijn Schouten for all his advice and support. Importantly, I would also like to thank the entire EIPE community. Special gratitude goes out to past and current studentsoftheResearchMasterinPhilosophyandEconomicswhocreatethrough their enthusiasm, probing questions and great initiatives a uniquely inspiring and motivating research atmosphere which I was privileged to become part of in the yearswhenthisvolumewasbeingcompleted. The research contained in this book benefited greatly from a large number of conference, workshop and seminar presentations over the years. I would like to express my gratitude to the audiences at all these events for their very helpful comments and suggestions. In particular, I would like to mention two workshops whose participants encouraged me to pursue my work at a very early stage. The Cortona Colloquium on the capability approach and a workshop at the University of Galway in 2005 were crucial milestones in the early stages of my research. I am particularly grateful to Sabina Alkire, Enrica Chiappero, Mozaffar Qizilbash and Ingrid Robeyns for their advice, enthusiasm and encouragement to pursue the questionsthatstarteduptheresearchforthisbook.And,too,Iamverygratefulto Christian List, Marc Pauly and Clemens Puppe for their detailed and encouraging commentsonmyGalwaypresentation. Moreover, I would like to thank Marlies Ahlert, Sabina Alkire, Antoinette Baujard, Walter Bossert, Luc Bovens, Richard Bradley, Burak Can, Ian Carter, EnricaChiappero,RutgerClaassen,DavidCrocker,FranzDietrich,KeithDowding, Marcus Düwell, Ulle Endriss, Karin Enflo, Marc Fleurbaey, Anca Gheaus, Wade Hands, Lisa Herzog, Herrade Igersheim, Christian List, Prasanta K. Pattanaik, Clemens Puppe, Ashley Piggins, Mozaffar Qizilbash, Martin Rechenauer, Ingrid Robeyns, Maurice Salles, Laura Valentini, John Weymark, Remzi Sanver, Kai Acknowledgements ix Spiekermann, Harrie de Swart, Miriam Teschl, Johanna Thoma, Alex Voorhoeve, AndrewWaltonandYongshengXuforalltheinspiringdiscussionsandveryhelpful commentsandsuggestionsthroughouttheyearswheneverIcrossedtheirconference schedule. I am particularly indebted to Marc Fleurbaey and two anonymous refereesfordetailedcommentsonthearticleonwhichChap.4isbased,toMartin Rechenauer who provided comments on the entire final version of the manuscript and to Lucy Fleet and Karthika Menon for their patience during the publication process. My research at the University of Groningen formed part of the NWO-VICI programme ‘Modelling Freedom: Formal Analysis and Normative Philosophy’. I amgratefulfortheverygeneroussettinginwhichIwasabletoconductmyresearch, madepossiblebythesupportofNWO.Theworkonthisbookalsogreatlybenefited from research stays at the Centre for the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method of the London School of Economics, the Groupe d’Analyse et de Théorie Economique, Lyon/St.-Etienne and the Centre for Ethics and Poverty Research at the University of Salzburg. I am very grateful for the institutional support, the warm welcome and the conducive research atmosphere at all of these institutions,whichgreatlycontributedtotheresearchcontainedinthisvolume. The years during which this volume was completed came with ups as well as downs. I am very grateful to all the people who were at my side throughout these times. Thank you Diane Berger, Helga Moser, Joseph Gugganig, Bettina Wunder,LiaPeterseil,LeonhardPlank,CorneliaStaritz,OrlyKadosh,P.Hermann Imminger, C.PP.S., Andreas Lackner, Hanneke Jasper, Yke Reeder, Berber van Beck, Marc Pauly, Diana de Esch, Sarah Heilmann, Ayse Demirkan, Saskia VenegasAernouts,DorisHildebrand,DanielaPamminger,VerenaEidenberger,Paul Friedrich,KarolyToth,JackUnderwoodandAnnaWitte.Last,butcertainlynotthe least,IwouldliketoexpressmydeepgratitudetomysisterTina,myparentsandmy grandparents, to whom this book is dedicated. Without their love, encouragement, prayers, unwavering support and constant optimism, this book would never have beencompleted. Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................. 1 1.1 PhilosophicalLiteratureon(Overall)Freedom........................ 4 1.2 FreedomRankingLiterature............................................ 7 1.3 TheCapabilityApproach............................................... 12 1.4 Outline................................................................... 16 References..................................................................... 19 2 Freedom’sAgencyValue:Whatitisandwhyitmatters................ 23 2.1 OverallFreedom ........................................................ 24 2.2 DesireDependencies.................................................... 28 2.3 TheImpossibilityofPaternalism....................................... 31 2.4 TheNon-specificValueNeglect........................................ 33 2.5 AgencyandtheImportanceofValues ................................. 35 2.6 TheNecessityofaValue-BasedApproach............................ 38 2.7 Conclusion .............................................................. 40 References..................................................................... 40 3 Choice-RelevantDiversityRevealed....................................... 43 3.1 TheFreedomRankingLiterature....................................... 43 3.2 DiversityofOptionsandFreedomRankings.......................... 46 3.3 Definitions............................................................... 48 3.4 SimilarityRelation...................................................... 50 3.5 DiversityMeasure....................................................... 52 3.6 WeitzmanandaRestrictedDomain.................................... 56 3.7 DiversityandCardinalityofAlternatives.............................. 57 3.8 Conclusion .............................................................. 59 References..................................................................... 61 4 PluralIdentitiesandPreferenceFormation .............................. 63 4.1 Agency,PluralIdentitiesandRationalChoiceTheory................ 63 4.2 Intra-personalAggregation............................................. 67 4.3 IdentityFormalised ..................................................... 70 xi
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