AGAIN: TAXONOMY OF YELLOW-FLOWERED CAULESCENT OXALIS (OXALIDACEAE) IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

2009·21.2 MB·English

by  Guy L Nesom

TAXONOMY
AGAIN: OF YELLOW-FLOWERED CAULESCENT OXAUS
NORTH
(OXALIDACEAE) EASTERN AMERICA
IN
Guy L Nesom
Yellow-flowered
caulescent Oxalis (sect. Corniculatae) of North America has been the and
object of
interest
more
study than
for century. Small number new
a (1898, 1903, 1907) described and
a of taxa brought the
names
wide
he
into
usage; also treated sect. Corniculatae as separate genus, Wiegand
a Xanthoxalis Small.
(1925) provided a detailed and formal overview of the group and recognized many minor
with
variants
formal names, with an emphasis on
of study northern North America.
Eiten's (1955, 1963) studies
distilled
taxonomy
more
the on
to a set of taxa based
realistic biological concepts rather than
typological ones.
Lourteig group and
(1979) restudied the applied very names
a different set of to the taxa, differing in part
and
in the
selection of types in part in concepts of relationships and taxonomic
ranks. Useful
perspectives
on
problems and
of typification nomenclature have been provided by Watson and Ward
(1989)
(2004), as
noted
below. problems
significant in have remained and
Still, identification confusion about which
persists
names
are appropriate. In restudying, North American
again, the eastern plants toward development
of a
treatment
of Oxalidaceae for the Flora of North America have come
series, to a different view, although
I still
than
it is far closer to Eiten's Lourteig's. In fact, Lourteig's biology and nomenclature appears have been
to
many
retrograde ways compared
in
to Eiten's.
In the taxonomic summaries synonymy
below, showing more commonly
representative, the used
is
names
and some
that allude aspects of within synonymy
to variability the species. Additional can be found
in Eiten Lourteig and Watson USA
(1955), (1979), (1989). Closely related taxa of the western
are Oxalis
call-
&
(Abrams) Knuth,
fornica Kunth,
R. 0. albicans O. pilosa Nutt. ex Torr. Gray, and Trel.—
O. these
suksdorfii
of Texas
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute 3(2)
28
7
Turner
Wiegand 1994).
Lourteig 1979;
taxonomic arrangements 1925;
have been in various (e.g.,
treated
also
Young and
provided by (1958) Eiten (1963).
Useful are
illustrations
with
not
or
morphologically intergrading at all
understood taxa little
present species are as
In the study,
With
further study,
reproductive isolation.
taxa— sympatry such taxa taken as evidence of their
of
other is
show taxonomic
probably the
biology will
reproductive
complexities in
beyond scope overview,
the of this
odd-
and populations of
framework advanced here be overly simplistic. In Oxalis corniculata 0. dillenii,
to
chromosome numbers have been reported; polyploid populations are
and
dysploid
even-polyploid,
polyploid,
homostylous species corniculata, 0.
study (1963) suggested that essentially (0.
reported in 0. Eiten's
stricta.
when and pollen tube
self-pollinated—pollination
pseudogamous apomicts
are
O.florida, O. stricta)
dillenii,
Among be
appears a facultative
to
endosperm these, at least O.florida
growth only fertilization.
resulting in
when
and producing sexual seeds
abundant apomictic seeds also
producing
apomict—
emasculated flowers
may
from outcrossing
Sexual seed production
Doust
1981).
pollinated with acceptable pollen (Lovett et al.
with morphological heterostyly 0. grandis, 0. priceae)
Species strong (e.g.,
occur in the other species as well.
combina-
and hybrids various
produced natural in
hybrids are easily
consistently outcrossers. Artificial
are
by
have been Eiten (1963).
identified
tions
Acknowl-
2400 specimens
estimated (see
on examination conservatively
The study based of a
present
is
among
many specimens those studied
and annotated
Both Lourteig
Eiten
edgements herbaria consulted).
for
with concepts of
their
GH, SMU, and TEX-LL, so the current author is familiar in detail
especially
here, at
Arkansas,
Corniculatae in
populations of
author has studied natural sect.
In 2009, the
the taxa involved.
Oklahoma, and
Texas.
Massachusetts, Missouri,
Louisiana,
NORTH
AMERICA
OF EASTERN
YELLOW- FLOWERED CAULESCENT OXALIS SPECIES
TO THE
KEY
and
peduncles
Stems evenly strigose from base to pedicels.
1
. mm
complete
5-1
cymes, homostylous; petals long,
2-3(-5 umbelliform
to
Flowers or rarely 8) in
1
2.
1
;
with
yellow,
cym<
umbelliform
(2-)3-5(-8)
in
•s
glabrous,
Stems to to nearly rare
pilose villous
,
mm
promir
0-20 yellow with
long,
Petals
3.
1
Stems densely and pilose with sp
stiffly
4.
and
an plant lignescent or
individual
lie
prominently
red-line
of the leaves; corolla throats
level
densely or
Stems glabrous to sparsely or pilose \
nearly
4.
rhizomes
usually
and nonseptate stoloniform
hairs; 1
above
cymes, or within
tr
2-4(-8) regular or irregular
in
mm
0-1
to strongly red-lined within; petals 8 Ic
faintly 1
stoloniform
from lignescent,
slender,
Plants arising
5.
nan
rounded, margins often with a
shoulders usually
mm
10-14 throaty
long,
the petals
of leaves;
level
Petals4-9(-11)mmlong,y<
3.
corn
Oxalis
and aur 1.
free distal
the
an rooting at
from the leaning
singly bast rarely
usually ing
Stems' erect, aris
6. ;,
obsolescent
pules
margins
without or* auricles.
free distal
very
Stems 20-60(-90) long, sparsely to
err s
7.
i
fron
singly
densely arising
or
villou
hairs
ite
;,
were (3-)5--7(-15) regular
usually in
(
Oxalis
6.
jstopuberulentandvilk
729
Nesom, Taxonomy of yellow-flowered caulescent Oxalis
Stems (5-)8-30(-35) cm, sparsely pilose with nonseptate hairs to almost completely glabrous, aris-
7.
umbel
ing from a taproot, often producing lignescent stolons; flowers or2(-3, rarely 4-5) in liform
1
cymes; capsules glabrous to sparsely puberulent, not villous 5. Oxalis florida
(Thunb.) Zucc, Denkschr. Koeinj
var. repens
.lata
Stems and
Plants perennial, caulescent, arising from thin to lignescent taproots. 4-10(-30) cm, several radiat-
ing laterally from the taproot, creeping, rooting at the nodes and stolonlike, prostrate to distally ascending-
and Stipules
herbaceous but lignescent, sparsely loosely strigose to strigose-villous. present,
erect, initially
Leaves and
membranous, margins with basal cauline; obcordate,
free flanges, distal auricles free. leaflets 3,
mm,
on maroon, margins
lobed 1/5-1/3 length, (4-)6-12 green both surfaces or bronze-purple to often
Flowers 2-3 umbelliform cymes, mostly
prominently 1-5 cm. or (-6) in irregular or
villous-ciliate, petioles 1
mm,
4-8
homostylous; peduncles (l-)2-4(-8) cm; pedicels in fruit horizontal to deflexed; petals yellow.
mm,
8-17(-20) puberulent
Capsules angular-columnar, gradually or abruptly tapering apex, sparsely to
to
glabrate or glabrous. Seeds uniformly brown, transverse ridges brown. In = 24, 36, 42, 44, 48.
Flowering Mar-Aug, sporadically year in Florida. Gardens, greenhouses, lawns, fields, roadsides,
all
m;
hammocks, beach margins, open pine woods, grasslands; 10-500(-2500) Nfld.!, Ont.!, P.E.I.!; Ala.!,
Kay
Ark.!, Colo.!, Conn.!, D.C.!, Ha.!, Ind. (fide Yatskievych), La.!, Me.!, Mass.!, Mo.!, N.C.!,
Calif.!, N.J.!,
111.!,
West America, South
WYa.!; introduced; native Mexico, Indies, Central
to
Oreg.!, Pa.!, S.C.!, Tex.!, Vt.!, Va.!,
PLANTS
The
America; introduced Europe, Asia (India, China, Japan), Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia.
and Wash.
Database shows records for Ariz., Ga., Nebr., Ohio, Okla, S.Dak.,
Many broad sense have been described over cosmopoli-
infraspecific taxa of Oxalis corniculata in the its
The
and
but taxonomic uncertain only the single entity treated here. reported
tan range, their status is
is
concomitant complex morphological
variation in ploidy level a of the variation.
is
USA
recognized by small flowers, sparsely hairy stems creeping
Oxalis corniculata in the relatively
is its
procumbent and from and developed with
and rooting nodes, radiating the taproot, well- stipules
its
at all
and Peduncles and 2-3 produced the nodes,
broad, marginal flanges auricled apices. or leaves are at
free 1
become through
short erect stems rarely. Plants flower as annuals but often short-lived perennials the colonial
may
Stems sensu be decumbent or prostrate and rooting the nodes, but they
habit. of O. stricto at
dillenii
and
from stems charac-
almost always are ligneous lignescent, not evidently radiating the taproot, erect
to
form
teristically arise from the nodes. According to Eiten (1963), O. dillenii is able to "vigorous, floriferous,
with
but hybrids
0. corniculata."
sterile
maroon and pubescent have been
with bronze-purple leaves capsules
Plants of Oxalis corniculata to
Ward Abrams Such
recognized atropurpurea in Florida, 2004; in California, 1951).
as O. corniculata war.
(e.g.,
and whether popu-
plants apparently occur sympatrically with the typical expression is not clear they are
it
lational variants or whether they are at least partially reproductively isolated. In Malaysia, var. atropurpurea
and morphology
from typical 0. corniculata in karyotype as well as in floral vegetative
differs
&
2004)—
Kuriachan
by post-pollination reproductive barriers (Nair at least in that regioi
Aus
behavior atropurpurea should be treated specific rank. Distinctive
indicates that var. at
730 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)
ants sometimes identified as 0. corniculata have recently been treated as distinct species de Lange et
(e.g.,
A common
2005). form of O. corniculata in central Mexico (collections seen from Hidalgo, Jalisco, Edo.
is
al.
—
Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, and Queretaro) these plants produce large, prominent stipules and nearly
glabrous stems, but the habit varies from procumbent to ascending and the stems rarely root at the nodes.
Most American Americas and
occur
of the closest relatives of Oxalis corniculata (in expression) in the
its
USA,
West Indies and the species probably native there, though probably south of the United States. In the
is
occurs mostly urban and highly disturbed but along the Gulf coast occasion-
O. corniculata in habitats,
it
ally grows in less obviously disturbed sites. North of the Gulf Coast, its occurrence is mostly restricted to
greenhouses and horticultural (lawns and gardens), suggesting that repeatedly introduced rather
sites is
it
than persisting (and expanding) through seed production.
Oxalis Mon. 28 N.Ame
dillenii Jacq Oxalis 1794. d iA.GraySyn.Fl.:
1. Oxalis conMculatc L. var. Jacq. Trel.
ir
)
,
. i
1(1):36:
entirely se
ated pre
made
Election by Marl* IDillenius :eivednea specimens fror
;by's
merica
(Reveal 1983).
I
955, 104) observed "Although plate lsoapla
p. lat i
tl
1
herbariiun which is almost sure ly the plant Di edCDruce,SrVine s 1907, p. 176), and therefore:,ifunique,istheh olotype
Zuc
Amer. 1811 L (Pursh)
Sept. 1:322. [1813]. O;cafe corniculata var. lyonii
csh, Fl.
'
..
1800-1813], John Lyo
lbyhta
(asnotedbyEite,
ange O.texan
for
U.var.^ridcmaWieg.,Rhodor
27:138. >25. Type: U.S.A. Florida: East Florida, rtodate, D.C. Eaton s.n
1!
£
.
ItaUSANsv.
aWieg.,Rhodora27: C
taocar 123. 1925. Hampshiei. [Cheshire :o.I:Als tead, old grave
P P
-
:.
Plants perennial, caulescent, arising from a ligneous or lignescent rhizome, sometimes appearing taproot-
mm
2-8
Stems 10-25 cm, proximally ligneous lignescent, 1.5-2 thick, usually from the base, erect
like. to
becoming decument and sometimes
initially, often to prostrate rhizome-like, rooting at nodes, strigillose
to strigose with antrorsely appressed, nonseptate, sharp-pointed hairs. Stipules usually greatly reduced at
above midstem, margins narrowly without any without
least flanged or free portion, free apical auricles.
mm,
Leaves and lobed 1/5-1/3 (4-)6-15(-21) green on both
basal cauline; obcordate, length,
leaflets
3,
1-4 Flowers
cm. 2-3(-4, very
surfaces, glabrous adaxially, sparsely strigillose abaxially, petioles 1 or rarely
cm;
umbelliform cymes, mostly homostylous; peduncles l-6(-10) pedicels in
to 8) in (rarely irregular) fruit
mm,
5-11 Capsules
deflexed horizontal), usually without bracteoles; petals yellow. angular-columnar,
(to
mm,
and
abruptly tapered apex, 12-20(-25) densely strigose-pilose with mixture of appressed spreading
at
with puberulent understory. Seeds brownish, tranverse ridges with strong grayish or white
hairs, a lines.
In = 20-24.
20, 22,
18,
Flowering Feb-May(-Oct). Pastures, roadsides, lawns, river bottoms, sandy, rocky, or gravelly soils;
.
Nesom, Taxonomy
of yellow-flowered caulescent Oxalis 731
5-300
m;
N.B.!, N.S.!, Ont.!, P.E.I.!, Que.!, Sask.!; Ala.!, Ark.!, Ariz.!, Colo.!, Conn.!, Del!, D.C.!, Fla.!, Ga.!,
Ind.!, Iowa!, Kans.!, Ky.!, La.!, Maine!, Md.l, Mass.!, Mich.!, Minn.!, Miss.!, Mo.!, Nebr.!, N.H.!,
111.!, N.J.!,
N.Mex.!, N.Y.I, N.C.!, N.Dak.!, Ohio!, Okla.!, Pa.!, R.I.!, S.C.!, S.Dak.!, Tenn.!, Tex.!, Va.!, Vt.!, Wash.!, W.Va.!,
PLANTS
Wis.!, Wyo.!; introduced in Bermuda, Europe. The Database shows records from Man., Idaho,
Alta,
and
Oreg.
Decumbent
branches appear producing branches and
of Oxalis often as stoloniform, erect leaves
dillenii
at the nodes, rarely producing a few, small adventitious roots. Such plants sometimes are misidentified as 0.
and
corniculata, but they differ in their overall habit, ligneous stems rhizomes, reduced stipules, strigillose
and
cauline vestiture, denser fruit vestiture, seed color. In 0. the stems are consistently strigose,
dillenii,
commonly
while the long petioles are pilose-villous, and in a quick scan of a specimen not carefully pressed,
may
continue begin moist
Oxalis to flower, or to reflower, in places especially in the Plants
dillenii
fall.
mowed
commonly
abundant lawns and and
are often in other areas, later-flowering plants produce very
much may
The shows some which
small be
flowers. species plasticity in habit, of genetically partitioned, as
chromosome
dysploid races apparently
exist.
Oxalis and O. stricta are the two most abundant species of the eastern United States and both
dillenii
commonly
comments
occur in disturbed In view of recent nomenclatural confusion below, under
(see
sites.
0. a key that separates these two presented here.
stricta), is
Stems usually 2-8 from the base, 0-25 cm, erect often becoming decumentto prostrate and rhizome-
initially,
1 1
cymes
or lignescent rhizomes or stolons; flowers or 2-3(-5, rarely to 8) in umbelliform Oxalis dillenii
1
2-3
Stems usually arising singly from the base (rarely together), 20-60(-90) cm, erect or later leaning or
fall-
1
.
ing over and decumbent; stem vestiture very sparsely to sparsely or moderately pilose or villous with non-
Club
Torrey 25:612. 1898.
Bull. Bot. Xanthoxdis priceae (Small) Small, S.E. U.S. 668. 1903.
Fl.
^Y, NY-digital image!).
Plants from with
perennial, caulescent, arising a ligneous or lignescent taproot, usually lignescent, stoloni-
form (or offset-like) rhizomes rooting at nodes and producing erect stems from the nodes. Stems proximally
2-8
from 5-20(-40) cm, becoming decumbent,
lignescent, usually the base, erect or usually villous-hirsute
with nonseptate hairs spreading or deflexed or spreading in dissimilar orientations. Stipules with margins
narrowly without any without Leaves and
flanged or free portion, free apical auricles. basal cauline; leaflets 3,
mm,
obcordate, lobed 1/5-1/3 length, 3.5-12 green on both surfaces, strigose-hirsute on both surfaces, less
commonly glabrate, petioles 2-7 cm. Flowers or (2-)3-8 in umbelliform cymes, less commonly irregular
1
cymes, produced well above the level of the leaves, distylous; peduncles (3-)5-10(-15) cm; pedicels in fruit
Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)
732
mm,
prominent
(13-)14-20 with red the
deflexed horizontal, often bracteolate; petals yellow, stripes at
to
mm,
10-15
Capsules abruptly tapered apex, sparsely to densely
base angular-cylindric, at
(corolla throat).
commonly
puberulent with deflexed
with nonseptate short, straight, hairs.
villous long, deflexed, hairs, less
unknown.
In =
Seeds usually with white transverse ridges.
and
Flowering Mar-May. Dry limestone areas, glades, cedar barrens, chalk prairies, limestone bluffs
5-300 m;
sandstone rocky sandy hedgerows, oak-pine, longleaf pine; Ala.!,
outcrops, slopes, talus,
cliffs,
Mexico (Nuevo
N.CJ, Tenn.!; Leon!).
Ha.!, Ga.!, Ky.!, Miss.!, S.C.?,
USA, by
recognized vinous-hirsute
species of the southeastern villous to
Oxalis priceae a distinctive its
is
umbelliform cymes, and yellow yellow-orange corollas with red lines in the throat.
stems, flowers in large to
The remain drying and usually can be seen on herbarium specimens even
in the throat visible after
lines
A
and
from the outside of the flower. similar pattern also occurs in 0. texana, 0. illinoensis, 0. grandis.
Plants of Oxalis priceae in Mississippi and eastern Louisiana grow in pineland and have slightly smaller
corollas than those eastward. Vouchers for Lousiana records are cited here. Jefferson Par.: at Gretna, opposite
RR
Zimmerman
New
May Red near frequent
Orleans, 6 1899, Ball 352 (GH); Rapides Par.: River valley, Sta.,
Tammany
mi
on 24 Apr Ewan 17608 (MO);
in dryer spots beneath pines crest of hills, 1948, St. Par.: 5
tall
US hwy embankment, 30 Apr Ewan 18546 (GH).
1953,
S of Pearl River, 90,
Two collections from a single area in North Carolina are typical Oxalis priceae, at the northeastern
Apr
extremity of main range. Stanly Co.: rocky slopes below bluffs of Yadkin River, near Charlotte, 20
its
power
1932, Palmer 39985 (GH); steep moist banks above the Yadkin River, just above the second or lower
dam May from
6826 eastern
east of Badin, 10 1963, Wilbur (GH). Similarly, a collection of Oxalis priceae
Newport Apr
Tennessee appears be Cocke near Del Rio, siliceous bluffs along Rd., 18 1963,
disjunct. Co.:
to
may known
(TENN
Sharp 17255 Further study in the distribution, especially in
digital image!).
et fill
at.
no
Georgia and South Carolina, so that the Cocke Co. and Stanly Co. localities longer appear disjunct.
from
Two from montane Nuevo Leon, Mexico, are unmistakably Oxalis priceae, disjunct
collections
USA
southeastern by about 900 kilometers. Nuevo Leon. Mpio. Santiago, along
the closest localities in the
the Cola de Caballo-Laguna Sanchez road into high sierra SE of Monterrey, between Puerto Genovevo and
NW
km
dominated by
La Puerto Genovevo, temperate pine-oak-hickory Pinus,
Cienega, 1.5-2.5 of
air
ca.
1500 m, Mar 1887 (TEX); Mpio. Bustamante, along switchbacks of road be-
Carya ovata, 15 1994, Mayfield
km
below
and from opening 4 road
low the Grutas de Bustamante, ravines bluffs along road of cave to ca.
1000 m,
rocky
Quercus-Cercis-Brahea-Ungnadia-Fraxinusgreggii, dark, rich, soil in talus slopes, fairly
cave,
common Mar
E 1908 (TEX).
in moist ravine of cave opening, 18 1994, Mayfield
to
Amer.
xana (Small) Eiten, Midi.
woody from caudex
Plants perennial, caulescent, arising from a taproot, caespitose with stems arising a or
Stems 5-15
with rhizome-like or stolons rooting the nodes. cm, proximally ligneous to lignescent,
offsets at
with appressed ascending nonseptate Stipules
ascending, antrorsely to hairs.
erect to strigose to strigillose
rounded and Leaves
usually with margins very narrowly flanged, usually with slightly free apical auricles.
mm
and lobed 1/5-1/3 the length, (4-)6-12(-18) long, green to purple
basal cauline, cordate,
leaflets
3,
cm
2-6
on both surfaces, glabrous to sparsely strigose adaxially, sparsely strigose abaxially; petioles long.
4-10
Flowers (2-)3-5(-8) in umbelliform cymes, very rarely irregular cymes, distylous, peduncles cm;
mm
with
without (10-)12-16(-17) long, yellow,
pedicels horizontal deflexed in bracteoles; petals
to fruit,
Capsules angular-columnar, abruptly tapered apex,
prominent red lines the base (corolla throat). at
at
mm
8-15 moderately densely puberulent puberulent-villous. Seeds brownish, transverse ridges
long, to to
unknown.
In =
whitish.
distinctly
Commonly
Mar-May and but
Flowering in undisturbed habitats usually in deep, loose sand,
(-Jun).
and mixed hardwoods; 10-200 m;
and edges and openings woods, pine, pine-oak,
roadsides,
also
fields,
Ark.!, Tex.!
La.!,
Nesom, Taxonomy of yellow-flowered caulescent Oxalis 733
more numerous
from
Oxalis texana very similar to 0. dillenii— differing O. primarily in
is dillenii its
and The
flowers per inflorescence distylous flowers with red-lined corolla throats. distinctive red
larger,
striping in the corolla throat remains visible after drying and usually can be seen on herbarium specimens
even from and
the outside of the flower. Plants of O. texana also are distinct in their relatively larger taproots
on
with with
habit either caespitose or short stolon-like offsets. Plants of 0. larger flowers elevated
dillenii
peduncles might be mistaken for O. texana, yet the two taxa exist sympatrically in the range of 0. texana
and seems and geography and
clear that they are separate species. Oxalis priceae O. texana are separate in
it
morphology.
name
Lourteig (1979) used the Oxalis Pursh for the species identified here as 0. texana, and her
lyonii
drawn
illustrations of 0. lyonii were from a Texas collection identified here as O. texana (Lourteig 1979, Fig.
mapped
and same
Turner (2003) followed Lourteig's nomenclature the species as 0.
a-e). et al. lyonii.
7,
and
Lourteig neotypified O. lyonii to place within her concept of O. texana (as identified here) included
it
—
synonymy
0. [Xanthoxalis] texana in her neotype, however, from southern Mississippi, outside of the
is
him
range of O. texana, and is instead a collection of 0. dillenii (as noted by Eiten 1963 and annotated by in
comments synonymy
1965; confirmed here as 0. Further regarding O. are in the of O.
dillenii). lyonii dillenii
in the present paper.
NY,
NY-digital image!).
itpe:
jlorida Salisb. var. jilipes (Small) Ahles, Elisha Mitchell Sci.
lis
J.
57. 1903. Oxalis Jacq. subsp. (Small) Eiten, Amer.
dillenii filipes
North Yadkin 100-200 23 Aug 1894 J.K
59:301. 1963. Type: U.S.A. Carolina. Stanley Co.: Falls of the River,
ft,
Eiten 1963: NY, NY-digital image!; duplicates o
pe,
v
etch Bot. S.C. 1:526. 1821. Oxalis jlorida Salisb.
subsp. recurva C.E Reed, Phytologia 63:4
(Ell.)
}.
ARL,
photo-GH!). Eiten (1963) notec
would Geography
e that place with equal probability as ei her 0. priceae [subsp. priceae] or 0. jlorida. places
it
Plants from youngest from
perennial, caulescent, arising slender lignescent stolons, plants short, slender
taproots. Stems usually single from the base, (5-)8-30(-35) cm, erect or rarely leaning and decumbent,
sometimes strigose distally or just beneath the flowers and pilose-villous on proximal portions. Stipules
obsolescent, without free margins or apical auricles. Leaves basal and cauline, leaflets obcordate, lobed
3,
mm
1/5-1/3 length, 4-11 long, green on both surfaces, sparsely strigose abaxially; petioles 2-5 cm. Flow-
ers 1 or 2(-3, rarely 4-6) in umbelliform cymes at level of the leaves or slightly above, tristylous; peduncles
mm,
Capsules
(2-)3-8 cm; pedicels reflexing ascending, often bracteolate; petals 5-9(-ll) yellow.
to
mm,
Seeds
angular-cylindric, 8-12(-15) glabrous sparsely puberulent. brownish, including transverse
to
In =
ridges.
16.
Low swamp
Flowering Mar-May(-Aug). woods, woods, pine woods, sandy burned-
rich
forests, sites,
over woods, ditches, roadside banks, floodplains, low lake edges, creek banks, pastures, disturbed
fields,
10-350 m; Kay
rocky
sites, bluffs, slopes; Ala.!, Ark.!, Conn.!, D.C.!, Fla.!, Ga.!, Ind. (fide Yatskievych), Ky.!,
Maine!, Md.!, Mass.!, Mo.!, N.C.!, Tenn.!, W.Va.!
La.!, Miss.!, NJ.!, N.Y.!, Pa.!, S.C.!, Vt.!, Va.!,
734 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)
and without
recognized by mostly stems, sparse spreading cauline vestiture
Oxalisflorida erect
is its
multicellular hairs, obsolescent stipules, relatively small, and yellow flowers without red lines in the throat;
the stems and peduncles are thin compared to other species. a species primarily of the Atlantic
distal It is
known
much
and Gulf more sparsely represented in more inland regions. from a cluster of
states coast, It is
Wayne
and MO!), and from southern Arkansas
Missouri
counties in southeastern (Butler, Carter, Ripley, cos.;
(Ashley, Bradley, and Ouachita BRIT!, NLU!) northward to apparently isolated localities in Arkansas
cos.;
waif—
The voucher West record perhaps was Tucker Otter Creek
MO!). the Virginia a Co.:
Yell Co.; for
(e.g.,
A
Lumber Co., near Hendriks, dry grounds along railroad track, 10 Sep 1904, Greenman 400 (GH). collection
annotated by Eiten interpreted here as O. with slightly reduced vestiture,
as 0. dillenii var. is dillenii
filipes
damaged Apr
Tharp
perhaps resulting from stems: Polk Co: 12 1941, (GH).
s.n.
Ward
and noted
Lourteig (1979) also treated Oxalisflorida at specific rank, for Florida, (2004, p. 35)
and
between and appreciable
that "the differences O. subsp. subsp. (= O. florida) "are
dillenii dillenii filipes
intermediates seem few." In contrast, Eiten (1963, 268) observed that Oxalis dillenii subsp. filipes "is dis-
p.
tinctive in its most characteristic form but intergrades with [subsp. dillenii], both in forming intermediate
homogeneous populations and in disturbed ground, variable hybrid swarms. The most distinctive por-
also,
The
northern Appalachians. morphological evidence
tion of this variable subspecies concentrated in the
is
from
whether from
conflicting as to originated [subsp. dillenii] or directly [O.] corniculata."
is it
Wiegand preceding Eiten, also observed a measure of intermediacy in Oxalisflorida,
(1925, 124),
p.
much
between and
noting that "0. and O. have the appearance of hybrids [0. stricta either 0.
florida
filipes
or 0. corniculata], as no new characters are found in either species. The frequency of their occurrence
dillenii
in the east and absence in the west, where the possible parents both occur is against this hypothesis."
name
Ward
was
noted Eiten incorrect in claiming that the Oxalisflorida Salisb.
(2004, 35) that is
p.
name synonymy by was pre-Linnaean which,
"The [phrase-name] cited in Salisbury (1796)
illegitimate.
since not available for his use, does not disturb the legitimacy of O. florida"
and was
In view the difference between Oxalis subsp. O. priceae subsp. colorea
Eiten's (1963), dillenii
filipes
mm
keyed
primarily in flower Subsp./zlipes keyed under "Flowers 13 long or less," while subsp. colorea
size.
mm
under "Flowers 10 long or more." The seemingly arbitrary difference in size apparently is reflected in
comment
his that he identified a duplicate (F) of the type of Xanthoxalis colorea as O. dillenii subsp.
filipes.
mostly
In the current study, have sorted collections previously identified as Oxalis priceae subsp. colorea
I
between and and the of subsp. colorea remains somewhat in doubt, even though
O. O. priceae, reality
florida
synonym Mulcahy found both sensu
placed here as a of 0. priceae. (1964, 1048) that O. priceae stricto
is p.
it
and 0. priceae subsp. colorea exhibit a high degree of self-fertility, the former strictly distylous, the latter
and
between forms very dense
"A further difference the 2 subspecies that subspecies priceae
tristylous. is
extensive clones, some of which extend for several meters, while subspecies colorea forms rather diminutive
3-4 Ward
very few which contain more than flowering did not find significant variation
clones, of stalks."
synonym.
within O. priceae, listing Xanthoxalis colorea as a
6. Oxalis Stricta L, Sp. Pi. 1:435. 1753. Type: Morison, PL Hist. Univ. 2:184, 2, 17, fig. 3. 1680 Optotype. Eiten 1955).
s. t.
The
protologue noted "Habitat in Virginia."
iii(Small)H.Hara,J.Jap.B
Nesom, Taxonomy of yellow-flowered caulescent Oxalis
ima ellBOTYEKN 1
m, 2 1900, PA. Rydberg 5920 with F K. Vreeland (holotype NY, NY-digital NY-digital image!).
Jul
if,
Rhodora
cymosa Torrey Club (Small) Wieg., 27:135. 1925. Type:
Small, Bull. Bot. ioscl
alis
New
U.S.A. York. [Bronx Co.]: Riverdal NY-digital image!).
Appar ntlynotypee
.1854.
Type:
Wiegand noted "0. uropam with d DubtanativeofAme ntroduced into Europe about 1658.
(1927, 136) that is little
p.
ner 7:149]."
[1913, Vol.
May
C 20
mropaea Jordan forma pilosella Wieg. Rhodora 27:135. 192 5.Type:U.S.A.Missouri. Jackson o.: Courtney [Greenwood],
alis
Stems
Plants annual short-lived perennial, caulescent, arising from a thin, short rhizome. usually arising
to
2-3 and decumbent, 20-60(-90)
from leaning or over
singly the base (rarely together), erect or later falling
commonly
on and concen-
stems
cm, withnonseptate spreading septate hairs present petioles,
villous hairs,
nodes, sometimes only on Stipules obsolescent, without free margins or apical auricles.
trated petioles.
at
mm,
green
Leaves and obcordate, lobed 1/5-1/3 length, (8-)10-20(-30) light to
basal cauline;
leaflets
3,
2-8
Flowers cymes,
on both cm. usually (3-)5-7(-15) in regular
yellowish-green surfaces, petioles rarely
1
commonly homostylous
in irregular cymes, usually within level of the leaves or slightly above, or slightly
less
strongly heterostylous; peduncles 3-9(-ll) cm; pedicels in fruit erect to ascending, often bracteolate;
to
mm,
mm, 8-15
(6-)8-ll Capsules columnar, nearly abruptly tapering toward apex,
petals yellow. terete,
Seeds brown, In =
with transverse ridges rarely whitish. 24.
villous septate hairs to glabrate. 18,
Flowering (Apr-)Jul-Oct. Prairie ravines, river and stream banks, sand bars, low woods, floodplains,
20-1200
m;
roadsides, lawns, gardens; B.C., Man., N.B.!, Nfld., N.S.!, Ont.!, P.E.I.!, Que.!; Ala.!, Ark.!,
fields,
Colo.!, Conn.!, Del.!, D.C.!, Ga.!, Idaho, Ind.!, Iowa!, Kans.!, Ky.!, La.!, Maine!, Mass.!, Md.!, Mich.!,
111.!,
Minn.!, Miss.!, Mo.!, Nebr.!, N.H.!, NJ.!, N.Y.!, N.C.!, N.Dak.!, Ohio!, Okla.!, Pa.!, R.L!, S.C.!, S.Dak.!, Tenn.!,
(New The
W.Va.!, Wis.!; introduced in Europe, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands Zealand), Australia.
Va.!, Vt.!,
PLANTS and Wyo.
shows from Mont., N.Mex., Wash.,
Database records
Nfld., Sask., Ariz.,
recognized by erect stems from a short, simple rhizome, presence of septate
Oxalis
stricta is its tall,
on and
cymose and small Septate hairs the stems petioles are easily
inflorescence, relatively flowers.
hairs,
do
recognized especially because of their brownish crosswalls, but they vary greatly in density, as the
(lens),
dense and
nonseptate hairs. In "villicaulis" and "pilosella" forms, as well as "var." bushii, the septate hairs are
more around nodes and intermixed with
evenly distributed on the stems, but often they are localized the
nonseptate Often they are few in number, and, in rare cases, plants with greatly reduced vestiture
hairs.
overall apparently lack septate hairs.
and
and
The
rhizomatous lacking taproots, of Oxalis close relatives O. grandis O. illinoensis
habit, stricta its
The
incompletely
distinctive and a basic biological difference. bases of Oxalis plants often are collected,
is
however, especially in the other species, which commonly develop stoloniform or rhizomiform branches
above
the taproot.
uncommon
and from Texas
western probably adventive. Reports of the species
Oxalis in states
stricta is
736 Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 3(2)
NRCS
USDA, 2009) have not been confirmed in the present study and unlikely that such reports
is
(e.g., it
are accurate. The early establishment of O. stricta in Europe is noted above with the type of 0. europaea.
may
North
Eiten (1963) appeared to suggest that the species be native in eastern Asia as well as America.
comments 304-305) on and "Very
in the species are insightful repeated here:
Eiten's (1963, variability
p.
enough
both between Asia and North America, and within each region. have not seen
variable, as east
1
up North America
material from Asia determine useful subspecies. In the variation
east to is to set all
if it
up The most
based
regionally too intergrading useful infraspecific categories. distinctive
that to set
is is
geographically-based character the presence of hairs on the upper surface of the This most
is leaflets. is
and
frequent in the Midwest, but even there less than half the collections in each state have this feature,
up
and have been used
sometimes varies even within single populations. This other characters that to set
it
same
infraspecific groups (presence of septate hairs on stems or on pedicels) often vary in the population
or even on the same plant, and present intergrades of expression. In addition, the extreme expressions
all
The
vary they do not vary introduced
of characters that regionally center in different areas, together.
i.e.,
European North American being pubescent.
plants represent a small part of the variation, in general less
They
not
are at like the plants of east Asia."
all
Us (Small) Small, S.E. U.S. 668. 1903. Type:
Fl.
Stems
from rhizomes without
Plants perennial, caulescent, arising slender, lignescent, stoloniform tubers.
cm
2-3
usually single from the base (rarely together), (10-)25-60(-100) before branching, nearly
erect,
with mixture and nonseptate Stipules
glabrous to sparsely or densely pilose or villous a of septate hairs.
5-25
absent. Leaves cauline, mostly on the distal half of the stem; leaflets obcordate, lobed 1/5 length, (-30)
3,
mm,
on both margins sometimes
upper rounded, green
shoulders of lobes usually rarely flattened, surfaces,
cymes
Flowers 2-4(-8)
narrowly brownish-purple, 5-7.5 cm. or in regular or irregular or
petioles
ciliate, 1
umbelliform cymes produced above the level of the leaves, tristylous; peduncles 7-12 cm; pedicels in fruit
mm,
10-14 weakly Capsules
erect to ascending; petals yellow, throat yellow to faintly or red-lined within.
mm &
6-10 Seeds brown, In = 28 Weller
ovoid to ovoid-oblong, long. traverse ridges rarely whitish. (fide
Denton 1976, reporting unpublished counts by Ornduff).
May-Aug. Sandy woods and 100-1100 m.
Flowering Md.!,
alluvial soils; Ala.!, D.C.!, Ga.l, Ind.!, Ky.!,
WYa.!
N.C.!, Ohio.!, Penn.!, S.C.!, Tenn.!, Va.!,
&
A
report of Oxalis grandis from southern Mississippi (Forrest Co.; Carter Jones 1968) far out of
is
on which
and and probably based perhaps
range habitat for the species a misidentification, of O. priceae,
is
also large-flowered.
is
from herbaceous rhizomes producing white
Plants perennial, caulescent, arising slender, at intervals fusi-
15-40
Stems 2-3
form tubers or tuberlike thickenings. usually single from the base (rarely together),
erect,
and
cm, nearly glabrous or sparsely densely villous with a mixture of septate nonseptate hairs. Stipules
to
Leaves
obsolescent, without free margins or apical auricles. cauline; leaflets obcordate, lobed 1/5 length,
3,
mm,
(12-)20-30(-35) upper shoulders of lobes green on both surfaces, margins green, petioles 4-7.5
ciliate,
flat,
cm
long. Flowers l-3(-6) in regular or irregular cymes produced mostly at the level of the leaves, tristylous;
mm,
3-10 12-18
peduncles cm, pedicels in fruit erect to ascending; petals yellow, throat strongly red-lined
mm.
Capsules 7-10 Seeds brown, In = unknown.
within. oblong-ovoid, traverse ridges rarely whitish.