Table Of Content

Afterimages Afterimages Photography and U.S. Foreign Policy LIAM KENNEDY The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London LIAM KENNEDY is professor of American studies and director of the Clinton Institute for American Studies at University College Dublin. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2016 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2016. Printed in the United States of America 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 1 2 3 4 5 ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 33726- 5 (cloth) ISBN- 13: 978- 0- 226- 33743- 2 (e- book) DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226337432.001.0001 Library of Congress Cataloging- in-P ublication Data Kennedy, Liam, 1961– author. Afterimages : photography and U.S. foreign policy / Liam Kennedy. pages : illustrations ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 226- 33726- 5 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978- 0- 226- 33743- 2 (ebook) 1. Photojournalism—United States—History—20th century. 2. Photojournalism—Europe—History—20th century. 3. War photography—United States—History—20th century. 4. War photography—Europe—History—20th century. 5. United States— History, Military—20th century—Pictorial works. 6. United States— Foreign relations—20th century—Pictorial works. I. Title. TR820.K4295 2016 779—dc23 2015020156 ♾ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48- 1992 (Permanence of Paper). Contents Acknowledgments vii List of Illustrations ix Introduction: “Follow the Americans” 1 1 Compassion and Critique: Vietnam 13 2 Pictures from Revolutions: Iran, Nicaragua, El Salvador 52 3 Unseen Wars and Humanitarian Visions: Somalia, the Gulf, the Balkans 92 4 Visualizing the War on Terror: Afghanistan, Iraq, the United States 128 Conclusion: The Costs of War 161 Notes 181 Index 217 Acknowledgments I am grateful to the Irish Council for Humanities and Social Sciences for the award of a grant that helped me research and write this book. I am also grateful to University College Dub- lin for the provision of study leave to complete it. I owe intellectual and personal debts to many people who helped me with this project. Particular thanks to Jus- tin Carville and Caitlin Patrick who helped me develop the research and ideas. And thanks to Hamilton Carroll, Robert Hariman, Steven Hoelscher, Wendy Kozol, Paul Lowe, Scott Lucas, Donald Pease, and David Ryan, who provided com- ment and support along the way. At the University of Chi- cago Press, I thank Doug Mitchell for his wise and warm edi- torial support and Yvonne Zipfer for her careful attention to the book. I have been fortunate to work in a stimulating environ- ment at the Clinton Institute at University College Dublin and I have valued the interactions with colleagues and students during the making of this book. A huge thank you is due to Catherine Carey for helping me forge time to work on this project. I am also grateful to the postdoctoral and grad- uate students who have shaped my thinking in classrooms and other engagements with matters of media and conflict. Finally, I thank my family for their patience with my disappearances during the course of research and writing. Thanks to Jake for sourcing images. This book is dedicated to Nancy, whose forbearance was heroic and whose encourage- ment carried me across the line. vii Illustrations 1.1 “Suicide Raid on the Embassy,” cover, Life, February 9, 1968 17 1.2 South Vietnamese forces and their American advisers in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, 1962 23 1.3 One Ride with Yankee Papa 13, cover, Life, April 16, 1965 25 1.4 U.S. marines during the battle for the Nui Cay Tri ridge during Operation Prairie, Vietnam, 1966 28 1.5 “As the Bombing Stops— This Girl Tron,” cover, Life, November 8, 1968 30 1.6 U.S. soldier and Vietnamese woman and child in Rach Kien, Vietnam, 1966 33 1.7 GI and child, Vietnam, 1967 38 1.8 Refugee from U.S. bombing, Saigon, Vietnam, 1968 41 1.9 Civilian victim, Vietnam, 1967 43 2.1 Street scene in Haiti, 1986 59 2.2 “Blackmailing the U.S.,” cover, Time, November 19, 1979 62 2.3 The bodies of four generals, Tehran, Iran, February 15, 1979 65 2.4 Ayatollah Khomeini is served tea, Tehran, Iran, February 5, 1979 68 2.5 Pro- Shariatmadari demonstration, Tabriz, Iran, 1979 71 2.6 “The Peril Grows,” cover, Time, March 22, 1982 76 ix