After Rwanda: The Coordination of United Nations Humanitarian Assistance

265 Pages·1996·27.657 MB·English

by  Dr Jim Whitman, David Pocock (eds.)

AFTER RWANDA
After Rwanda
The Coordination of United Nations
Humanitarian Assistance
Edited by
Jim Whitman
Leader, United Nations Project
Global Security Programme
University o/Cambridge
and
David Pocock
Group Captain, Royal Air Force
Seconded to the Global Security Programme
University o/Cambridge
First published in Great Britain 1996 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Hounclmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
ISBN 978-0-333-65852-9 ISBN 978-1-349-24708-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-24708-0
First published in the United States of America 1996 by
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth A venue,
New York, N.Y. 10010
ISBN 978-0-312-15956-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
After Rwanda: the coordination of United Nations humanitarian
assistance / edited by Jim Whitman and David Pocock.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-312-15956-6
I. International relief. 2. Humanitarianism. 3. United Nations
-Armed Forces. I. Whitman, Jim. II. Pocock, David.
HV553.A39 1996
361.2'6--dc20 96-11322
CIP
Selection and editorial matter © Jim Whitman and David Pocock 1996
Chapter 12 © Sir Michael Rose 1996, Chapters 1-11 and 13-18 and Afterword
© Macmillan Press Ltd 1996
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of
this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or
transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with
the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court
Road, London WIP 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this
publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil
claims for damages.
10987654321
05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96
For all humanitarian workers, especially those in
the field
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements ix
Glossary x
Notes on the Contributors xiv
Introduction xix
PART I POLmCAL OVERVIEW 1
1 The Political Limits of Humanitarian Assistance 3
Jim Whitman
PART II UN PERSPECTIVES 17
2 The Future of Peacekeeping 19
Shashi Tharoor
3 Humanitarian Coordination 35
Juergen Dedring
4 The Hidden Costs of Better Coordination 51
Neill Wright
PART ill INTRA-COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVES 61
5 The Integrated Operation Centre in Rwanda:
Coping with Complexity 63
Randolph Kent
6 NATO and its New Role 86
David Lightbum
7 Humanitarian Assistance Intervention in Complex
Emergencies: Information Requirements in the 1990s 98
William J. Garvelink
8 Humanitarian Emergencies and the Roles of NGOs 106
Peter Shiras
9 Coordination is the Key 118
Sir David Ramsbotham
vii
viii Contents
10 The ICRC in Complex Emergencies: An Outsider or
Part of a Team? 128
Bruno Doppler
11 Coordination, Control and Competition: NGOs on the
Front Line 136
Jon Bennett
PART IV FIELD COORDINATION OF UN
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 147
12 Field Coordination of UN Humanitarian Assistance,
Bosnia, 1994 149
Sir Michael Rose
13 The Experience in Angola, February 1992-June 1993 161
Margaret J. Anstee
14 The Humanitarian Response in Cambodia: The
Imperative for a Strategic Alliance 179
John M. Sanderson
15 The Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance in
Mozambique in the Context of ONUMOZ 194
Aldo Romano Ajello
16 The Changing Role of UN Peacekeeping Forces: The
Relationship between UN Peacekeepers and NGOs
in Rwanda 205
Romeo A. Dallaire
17 The Role of the Humanitarian Coordinator 219
Mark Walsh
18 Peacekeepers, Humanitarian Aid and Civil Conflicts 226
Cedric Thornberry
Afterword: Humanitarian Aid - A Personal View 245
Larry Hollingworth
Index 249
Preface and
Acknowledgements
This book is a product of a research programme on the coordination of
UN humanitarian assistance funded by the W. Alton Jones Foundation of
Charlottesville, Virginia. We thank them for their generous support and
for making the entire project possible.
Many of these chapters were written by practitioners while holding
demanding appointments in the field or at headquarters; for this reason,
we are especially grateful for their contributions.
The book has its origins in a conference held at the Royal College of
Defence Studies (RCDS) on 1-2 June 1994, 'Coordinating UN Peace Sup
port Operations: A Practitioners' Conference'. The event hinged on the cre
ative spark and administrative efficiency of Commander Ian Bartholomew
(then seconded from the Royal Navy to the Global Security Programme).
We are grateful to Air Marshal Sir Timothy Garden, the Commandant,
for his initiative in having made the RCDS available for the occasion, and
for the enthusiastic support given by his staff who made extraordinary
administrative demands seem routine. Additional funding for the confer
ence was provided by the Ploughshares Fund of San Francisco.
Our colleagues within the Global Security Programme, and the Faculty
of Social and Political Science of which it is a part, have been constant in
their support and helpful guidance. Also, we are extremely grateful to the
many UN staff, in New York, Geneva and the field, who have been so
helpful to us in our wider researches.
JIM WHITMAN
DAVID POCOCK
ix
Glossary
ACBAR Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief
AEW Airborne Early Warning
ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
BAOR The British Army of the Rhine
BBGNU Broad Based Government of National Unity (Rwanda)
C3I Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence
CAFOD Catholic Fund for Overseas Development
CAP Consolidated Appeals Process (UN)
CARE Cooperative of American Relief Everywhere
CCFADM Commission for the Formation of the Mozambican Defence
Force
CENE Comissao Executiva Nacional de Emergencia (Mozambique)
CERF Central Emergency Revolving Fund (UN)
CFC Cease Fire Commission (Mozambique)
CGDK Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CJTF Combined Joint Task Force
CMAC Cambodian Mine Action Centre
CNN Cable News Network
CORE Commission for Reintegration of the Demobilized Soldiers
(Mozambique)
CRDA Christian Relief and Development Agency
CRR Consolidated Rwanda Report
CSC Supervision and Monitoring Commission (Mozambique)
CSCE Conference on Security and Disarmament in Europe
DART Disaster Assistance Response Team (USA)
DHA Department of Humanitarian Affairs (UN)
DPA Department of Political Affairs (UN)
DPI Department of Public Information (UN)
DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UN)
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council of the United Nations
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EP5 Expanded Permanent Five
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
x
Glossary xi
FUNCINPEC Front Uni National pour une Cambodge Independent, Neutre,
Pacifique et Cooperatif
FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
HPZ Humanitarian Protection Zone (Rwanda)
HRFOR Human Rights Field Operation in Rwanda
HRS (Baidoa) Humanitarian Relief Sector
IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee
ICHRDD International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic
Development
ICRC International Commission of the Red Cross
ICVA International Council of Voluntary Associations
IDP Internally-Displaced Person
IFRCS International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies
nIL International Humanitarian Law
nss
International Institute for Strategic Studies
IMF International Monetary Fund
IOC Integrated Operations Centre (Rwanda)
10M International Organization for Migration
IRC International Rescue Committee
KPNLF Khmer Peoples' National Liberation Front
LNF Lebanese NGO Forum
LPA (USAID Bureau for) Legislative and Public Affairs
MCDA Military and Civil Disasters Assistance
MINIREISO Minister/Ministry of Rehabiliation and Social Integration
(Rwanda)
MOVCOM Movement Control Unit
MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
MSC Military Staff Committee (UN)
NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NGHA Non-Governmental Humanitarian Agency
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Corporation
OAS Organisation of American States
OAU Organisation for African Unity
ODA Overseas Development Agency (UK)
OFDA US Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance
ONUC Operation des Nations Unies au Congo
ONUMOZ United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in Mozambique