After Lives This page intentionally left blank After Lives A Guide to Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory JOHN CASEY Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge 1 2009 3 OxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,publishesworksthatfurther OxfordUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellence inresearch,scholarship,andeducation. Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright#2009JohnCasey PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc. 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016 www.oup.com OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise, withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Casey,John,1939– AfterLives:aguidetoheaven,hell,andpurgatory/JohnCasey. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences.(p.). ISBN978–0–19–509295–0 1. Futurelife—Historyofdoctrines. I. Title. BL535.C372009 220’.3—dc22 2009007204 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica onacid-freepaper In memory of my parents This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowlegments, ix Prologue: StephenDedalus’sHell,1 PART I DarkFutures 1 After Lives,13 2 Egypt,23 3 MesopotamiaandIsrael,43 4 GreeceandRome,65 5 TheChristianBeginnings,103 6 Dante: Inferno,147 7 Predestination:AugustinetoCalvinandBeyond,167 8 TheDeclineofHell,193 PART II Purgatory 9 Rome’sHappiestInspiration?,225 viii CONTENTS PART III Heaven 10 Heaven: Egypt,Mesopotamia,Israel,245 11 BodiesFleshlyandSpiritual,269 12 Dante:Paradiso,281 13 CelestialPleasures:RenaissanceandReformationHeavens,293 14 HeavenlySpeculations,321 15 Heaven SeenandHeard:Swedenborg,337 16 WithEasyIntercoursePassToandFro,357 17 ScoringinHeaven,381 Epilogue, 401 Notes, 405 Bibliography, 441 Index, 452 Acknowledgments Iamgratefultoseveralfriendswhoreadearlierdraftsofthebook— PaulBinski,ColinBurrow,andRuthScurr,whoreaditinfull,and PaulFooteandCallyHammond,whoreaditinpart.JeremyDimmick gaveveryusefuldirectionsaboutreadingattheverybeginningofthe project.EdBrambleytookcareoftheillustrations. Oxford University Press were heroically patient during the lapseoftimebetweentheircommissioningthebookandmy finallygettingdowntoworkonit.Iamgratefultomyoriginal commissioningeditorforthat;tomypresenteditor,CynthiaRead, forextremelyhelpfulcomments;andtothereadertowhomthe manuscriptwassentforconstructive,indeedinvaluable, suggestions.Myverywarmthanksgotomymagnificentcopy editor,MarySutherland,whoseintelligenceandalertattentionto detail,combinedwithanunerringsenseofthebookasawhole, madeherapleasuretoworkwith.Thank-youaswelltoJoellyn Ausanka,whoablyshepherdedthebookthroughtheproduction process. My greatest debt—obvious and here warmly acknowledged— istothosemanywriterswhosefundamentalworkopenedpaths intoareashithertounknowntome(whichincludesjustaboutall thewriterscitedonancientEgypt)andintimatedastructurefor thebook,butespeciallyAlanBernstein,S.G.F.Brandon,Piero Camporesi,andColleenMcDannellandBernardLang.