After Civil War: Division, Reconstruction, and Reconciliation in Contemporary Europe PDF
Preview After Civil War: Division, Reconstruction, and Reconciliation in Contemporary Europe
After Civil War NATIONALANDETHNICCONFLICT INTHETWENTY-FIRSTCENTURY BrendanO’Leary,SeriesEditor Acompletelistofbooksintheseriesisavailablefromthepublisher. After Civil War Division, Reconstruction, and Reconciliation in Contemporary Europe Edited by Bill Kissane UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS PHILADELPHIA Copyright(cid:2)2015UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsusedforpurposesofreviewor scholarlycitation,noneofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanymeans withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. Publishedby UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104-4112 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica onacid-freepaper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Aftercivilwar:division,reconstruction,andreconciliationincontemporaryEurope/ editedbyBillKissane.—1sted. p. cm.—(Nationalandethnicconflictinthetwenty-firstcentury) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-8122-4652-0(hardcover:alk.paper) 1.Europe—History—20thcentury. 2.Postwar reconstruction—Europe—History—20thcentury—Casestudies. 3.Civil war—Europe—History—20thcentury—Casestudies. 4.Reconciliation— Politicalaspects—Europe—History—20thcentury—Casestudies. 5.Nationalism—Europe—History—20thcentury—Casestudies. I.Kissane,Bill. II.Series:Nationalandethnicconflictinthe21stcentury. D424.A352015 303.6(cid:2)90940904—dc23 2014013139 ThesefragmentsIhaveshoredagainstmyruins. T.S.Eliot,TheWasteLand,1922 C o n t e n t s Introduction 1 BillKissane PARTI.RECONSTRUCTINGTHENATIONININTERWAREUROPE Chapter1.TheLegacyoftheCivilWarof1918inFinland 17 RistoAlapuro Chapter2.‘‘ANationOnceAgain’’?ElectoralCompetitionand theReconstructionofNationalIdentityAftertheIrishCivilWar, 1922–1923 43 BillKissane Chapter3.State,Nation,andViolenceinSpanishCivilWar Reconstruction 70 MichaelRichards PARTII.RECONSTRUCTIONWITHOUTCONFLICTRESOLUTION Chapter4.EnemiesoftheNation—ANationofEnemies:TheLong GreekCivilWar 93 RikivanBoeschoten Chapter5.PoliticalContentionandtheReconstructionofGreekIdentity inCyprus,1960–2003 121 CharesDemetriou viii Contents Chapter6.Under(Re)Construction:TheState,theProductionofIdentity, andtheCountrysideintheKurdistanRegioninTurkey 150 JoostJongerden PARTIII.RECONSTRUCTIONUNDEREXTERNALSUPERVISION Chapter7.EthnicityPays:ThePoliticalEconomyofPostconflict NationalisminBosnia-Herzegovina 187 DenisaKostovicovaandVesnaBojicic-Dzelilovic Chapter8.NationalismandBeyond:MemoryandIdentityinPostwar Kosovo/Kosova 213 RuthSeifert Chapter9.ReconstructionWithoutReconciliation:IsNorthern Irelanda‘‘Model’’? 245 JamesHughes Conclusion 273 BillKissane Contributors 289 Index 291 Acknowledgments 301 Introduction BillKissane This book is about the reconstruction of national identities in European societies after internal war. While country-specific studies, and those of reconstructionprojectsafterinternationalwars,exist,howEuropeansocie- ties have reconstructed their national identities after civil conflict has not been studied in a comparative way. Such wars invariably result in changes totheterritorialbasesofstates,populationmovements,thecollapseofold systemsofrule,anddisputesconcerningthenatureoflegitimateauthority, all of which touch on questions of national identity. These issues become explosive because they reveal what type of society people feel they belong to.Unlikeafterinternationalwars, thecombatants havetolearntocoexist within the state’s borders. This again raises the question of what unites them. Unlike international wars, civil wars invariably split identity, so the question of how a shared postconflict identity can be reconstructed is a complex one. Narratives of international war can be unifying; those of internalwarsarenot. Themaindifferenceisthat wehavea dividednationinacivilwar(see van Boeschoten,this volume).Modern civil wars,ethnic ornonethnic, are usuallyfoughtoverthedefinitionofpoliticalcommunity.Theythusinflict adeepwoundonsocieties’senseofthemselves,creatingdivisionsthateasily lead to accusations of betrayal. National, regional, local, even family divi- sions,combineinanintenseway.Adividednationalidentityisoneconse- quence. During civil war a simplification of the national past occurs, one that obliterates nuance in favor of a dichotomous reading of national val- ues. At the same time, since nationhood is deeply subjective, these argu- ments over its essence have the character of a ‘‘hot family feud’’ and thus make civil wars more embittered than war against a foreign oppressor
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