Africans in English caricature 1769-1819 : black jokes, white humour

101 Pages·2017·39.137 MB·English

by  Temi Odumosu

Contents
Acknowled7 gements
HARVEMYI LLER PUBLISHERS LangaunaAdgb eb revia9t ions
Ani mproifBn rte pPoulbsl ishers
Lond/oT nurnhout AN otCeo ncertnhAieun tgh Uosero 'fTs e rmogiynL oilnkteoAd fi rcaSnu bje9cts
CaricavtesurruSesa ti1r0e
BritLiiasbrhrC ya taulinignP ublicDaattiao n
og Abbvrieations
A catauler ecoofrt dhb ioso ikas v aiflraobml e 11
og
the BLriibtriasrhy Illust1m2 tions
978-10-09-05904-4
ISBN
0/2017/0095/241
INTRODUCLTaIuaOhN iSntaocT kh:le m aoafte h Aef riIcnEa ina hteentPtrhi-nC1te8sn tury
Copyr©i 2g0h1Ht7a rveMyi lPluebrl ishers
Int hLea ughCirnogw 1d9
antdh aeu thor.
Upfr omH artAh N:o toenE mblemIanthiecr i2t3a nce
og
Alrli grhetsesr .vN eop daortft hpiusb licmaatybei on GeorgSiaatniP rriic(na1tl7s 6 9 2168 19)
reprodsutcoeirdnaer, de trsiyesvtaeltm r,aonrsmitted
'Vulpgraerij cuaedn pdo puilnasruN letgCr'ao:r ica2t8u res
ina nfoyr mo rb ya nmye anesl,e ctorrmo encihca nical,
inclupdhiontgo croepcyo,ro droi tnhge rwwiitseh,to huet TheS taotfte hA ec aedmiFci el3d3
pripoerrs msiifornoH ma rveMyi lPluebrl ishers.
ChapbtyCe hra pt3e9r
NotteoIs n trodu4c2t ion
Desigbyn Peadvu alCn a lster
I
CHAPTOENRET hOvee rdresSsleaSdvee :rv anPtestsa, n' dM unMaaoc'a ro4n8is
AnA friicnta hnPe a rltohuKeri ,t cahnetdnh S et re5e2t !
TheP adloAck B:r iSeyfn op5s6i s
Mungtoh,Ce o mMicu saen Wdi lSeyr van5t8
Mungaon Thde Pa dlaocrUken lsehaed60
JereDmiyashao sMnu ngThoe:P oliSteircvaal6n3 t
Co1>tirl lustmtions
MungEom bodi1e7d7:70 3 68
DetfariolAm n on!A.dy N ightcap
(front) aBtr eakfast.
PubliisnLh oendd byo Cna rinBgotwloens , MungIon tegarnaPdtu tetdoW o r1k7:7 807 73
27F ebr1u7a7rH2ya. n d-comleozuzroe.td i nt PoliCthiacra1g7le8 O:7n war7d8s
() Trusotfte heBesr itMiussehu m.
IndeEcxenpto sBuarcBekes l:So twa i8r3s
(baDcekt)a iAln oAnM unMgacoa r.oP nuibliisnh ed
from NotteoCsh apOtneer9 0
Londbyo Mna ttDhaewr1 l0Sy e,p temberE1cth7'i7n2g..
CourtfeTshLyeeo wWiasl pLoilber YaarUlyne,i versity.
CHAPTTEWRO' WhaaN ti cBei tT!hC'eo: m 'isacbl mei starnehdse sSur'i to9r8s
Frontispiece
ThomRaosw landsonS.I UKP.iuff.tb clhiiisLnnho endd on ColoEnnicaotlue narnsd Aff1ec0t0s
byT homTaesg 1gN ,o vem1be8r1H 0a.n-� doloured BlaBceka uCtoym:ia cnL di teCraarriyc a1t1u0r es
etch.Ci onugrtoefT shLyee wWiasl pLoilber ary, 'Blbarcokwa,nn fad i r': MetCrhoocpieaosnl Mdia ttacnh es
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YaUlnei rvseity.
ClotsoPe o weTrab:o Poo liItnitcrailg ues
122
NotteoCs h apTwtoe r
129
Pri1i1nt1 hEtUedo na cfridep eap er.
Acknowledgements
Int hYeo rutbraa diititis co uns totmh at networbku,at l sboo ostmeydc onfideansc e
CHAPTETRH REJE amGeis llWraoyu'ss( k1i7 A8N 8e)wC: a seS tudy1 36 acknowledgemefinrtsb temg uisvtte ont he ane meinsgc hoilnat rh fiee lMdy.r esearch
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tob uilItd h.e regfoirvete h antkoas l tlh ose ando penneossft hosceu rataorrcsh,i vainsd ts
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great sapliorntight faesm ilbyl oodliwnheoss e librardieadnisc attoe dp reservoifnt gh es ome
The RoLyoavTler iang1l4e6
knowlesdtgoer,di reesa,am ns da spirahtaivoen s worlfidn'essv ti suraels itorIai me si.n debted
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vimaa nyt ransatlantinco wjw oruirtnienygs ,fo rmeraltty h Ber itMiusshe uGm,i llFioarnr ester
CHAPETRF OURA BessBarra'wsThl e:N e wU nion Cluba n(Pd1os 8t1-9A)b olPiotliioitnniL cosnd o1n6 4 froamp lawioond end esokn a c olwdi nter's adtta hyYe a lCee ntforreB ritAirstSh,a rW.a Duke
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PartnienCr osm edCyru:i kshaanndkM arrya1t6 7 producotf maenxyp erieanncdie nsfl uences; att hFeo lgSehra kespLebiarrrgaeryA ,l issandra
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ana mazignrgo uopfc ritaincdca rle ative SusanW alkaenrdt he retshtew oonfd ertfuela m
Undetrh Ien fluenSctee:r eotaynpdMe est apho1r8s2
thinkaenrdhs a,d t hiem mensper iviolfbe egien g att hLee wiWsa lpoLlieb rianrF ya rmington.
AfricDainp lomTahtes :T 'wGou eosftC so lou1r8'3
supervfoirsm eydM Phialn dP hDb yP rofessorTh esefa ntaspteiocp mlaed eg etttion gk now
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NotetsoC haptFeoru r 193 incredjiobulrneee yx plorainndig n terrogatingTh erea raen umbeorfs cholaanrdss p ecialists
thceo mplreexl atiobnesthwieApefr ni caan d witwhh omI h avmee ta nds kena long
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EPILOGEUsE captlhe'n k9 esehaftnso fr idic1u9l8e '?
tot hanJke aMni chfoerlh iusn faltebreilniigen f shapaen de ncourmaygt eh inkoinnA gf rican
myw orakn di deahsih,se artwarmgiennge rosirteyp resentaantdim oonr,e brocaodnlcneyir ng
andu nfoettawbolredo sfw isodm.Ia lswoa nt questiaornosu rnadc heu,m ouird,e ntity, slavery
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int hDee partmoefHn its toofry Aarntda t ofP auKla plwahno h also nsgu ppormtye d
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environimnew nhti cthot hrive intellecutnudaerlaldyu.aw toer kianttg h Nea tioGnaalll ery
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(and somectoismtselesyot )f r esourFcierss.t lya pprecigaott iomo yni nittihaelse ixsa miners
at housasnpde ctihaaln gkost ot hEe uropean DaviBdi ndmaannd E lmeKro lfi(nfo rth eir
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ReseaCrocuhn cEinlg laKnidn,g C'osl lege LapsansGklye,n Cadrap iAol,o nWai lson,
CambridThgee P,a uMle llCoenn tforreS tudies MarcWuoosd ,V iGca trellM,a iBdrmieannt ,
inB ritAirstah,n dt hLee wiWsa lleL ibrary FranPka lmeTriimB, a rrinJgaenMr a,r sSha,r ah
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atY alUen iverTshiert eys.e aorpcpho rtunitiMeeesr .JoLdyyn Anl leDna,c iMai tchMeillle,s
andp ublicastuipopnot rhtat th efinurd inagn d GrieCra,r olRyonb ertsJ,e nanniMdfeo rr gan.
fellowshipprso vhiahdveeeld p,ne odto nltyo Ia ma lsion credgirbaltyet fuotl h eed itorial
widen smuyb jkencotw leadngdse c holarly insighttw opo rfo lific anda rihtni ssptiorriinagn
8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Famciolmyfies r esvtte hno huegtrhhe a re
womefn rdoimff eprleaEncltei sz:Ma cbGertaht h ey LanguaangdAe b breviations
mentiiocnno endc lAunsidiit wso i nat.h h e art
itnh UeKa nCdh arClhortitseit Dnee nnsmeanr k,
filwliegtdrh a tliotavunedad ed ,m irfoartt hieo n
whboo stgohe nerroetuahsdmil asyn usicnr ipt
uncondsiutprip(toos npailar nimdta utaelr ial)
varyfoirnmagsn ,sd u pptorratnseldwa ittiho ns,
thheayav lcelo nttigoni umveeeod n t his
characotpeerniensnettsshisiuc,aa sngmdo od
jourTnome yfay t.h Meirc hOadeulm Iot shuka n
humour.
yofoury ozueras nted n thufosrai lmaslymw ork
Som anjyo urontfeh myiassgi nteua dre
infuwsieitdnsh p iraatneidno cno uragemaenandct h ievfoerym oeeunnrtc so,u rtaog ement AN otCeo ncertnhiAenu gt hUosres re-apptreorpmriiinanoitilaetuol sglaeyytsd o ols
conttisaony 'ue yesa 'nfo drt hsee noshfeu mour oTf erminoLliongtkyoAe fd riScuabnj ects fodri stidnicstneicnohfnira,sa enmadeb nuts e.
fromm enrtstoe,a cahnpeders e Irtnsh .e ir
Thtee 'rBml aalchskoo'lp dosl irteiscoanla nces
wiwthhi ycohhu a dveel iyvoegururei dd Taon ce.
owunn iwaqyut ehfo el loiwnidnigv iduals
Irenc eynetag rrso wdienbigahn te er itagei Bnr iwthaeiornte he etrhc noimcm unities
mym otAhr earim dO ed umIot shuay nofokur
habveeie nns triumnma ekntithnafoiglrs m er
thseoo thwoirndogsaf m othcearfor'reas ,l ways insitoi(ntmsuu tseaurmcsha,inl vdie bsr ariheasuv)sei,e bt do dtehs pctriyaiv neadlas t erofm
dreaar me aPlriataiynts.dhe a gnotk mosy o ld
anmdo rwei dietnlh hyeu mtainheiasss,o ughtr esiTshtdeae nbciaeostn. see eo n treanncdh ed
reminmdeo itfnh sgeh ouIls dteaornnasd,n f do r
headmitshltearR teoessbH ,io nrc lktoo,m yl ife
thsea maen tiodlfoa tuegt hhhtaaethsr e ltpoe d tdoe tehromewitn nhiegc r osuhposbu el d comptlheIacx ta nandodtir itesn su sffi cient
pepnaa lnfo dr mteearc 'hMeirMs asryP' r itchard,
descirwrnii btemtdae tne criithaiilns gt oridceatolanr iu la hnecrNeee .v eritithus es leefsusl
softthjeeon u rTnome ysy i.sF toOeldrau mIo su
top rofemsesnitDooanrmaJseloc eBlarrow,
yn soutrhchaeatsuv seee pdi tahnledat nsg uagteho i ghtlhciehg ahltl olef annggebusea fogree
thaynofokur y ofruire nadnsudhni dpe rstanding,
MakeCdoaa sHtaoknAi,dm i ,P orKteeirt,h
Vicki nodwe emoeffde nosirin vaep prSohporuilawdte be i.n s,i nihctae ps l aayc erdiro tliiectn ah le
forr eaddrinaogfmf ty ws o raknfo,dr t aktihneg eg
Cavaenradslt ,lhd ei stinmgeumibosefhr esd
wec haanrgceht ievrtamsolsu c iotn tempoprraocroeymfs y sr eseaawsre aclishlnn a rer ativ
titmaoet tteomn ywd e llTboem iyon htges.ri ster
thfoer mMeary oCro'msm iosnsA ifornai ncda n
FlorOednucmeIot shuay nofokur y oeunre rgetic audiweena csOeskr s? h owuesl idm epxlpyl aidne scription.
AsiHains taonHrdey r itage Thank
(2003-2009). thoer iagnnidan t outfrh teee rusmesdI ?tn h e Thbiosow kie lxlp tlhoreree presoefn tation
mottiivfooarnh ,e lmpeit nsog em eyw ork
yoaug,a timony b, e lofvreiaden neddx sc ellent
caospfeeo polAfer f icdaesnc etnhwteo, r ds comtircoa pnetdsh m eaisrwk hsi,sc ohu tgoh t
froma notpheerrs paencfodtrc i ovnet,it nou ing
critthiicnaAklde iArsjsaa JmaunA,es ttae n,
ustedode sctrhievbmaei r hnyi stroerciocradmlsi ,ms itce reaotttyrptieAobsf u rtieacdna dn s,
chamappo isointi imvaoegmf ee t hrotuhgeh
NausEiIk-aMaae ncRdki yc,Ha r.Wd ijon dal.
parutliaocrvlteyhrc e o uortfsh eeei ghteentthihuwt so ubleed a asnyjd u sttisofi imapbllye
peaakntsdh v ea lTlome yyG so.d paarnedn ts
Im usatlm seon tMiionrndaC aa rarnomdly l
centwuhreWyre esA tfr icianpnsa rtwiecruel uasrte ht ee 'rBml oarec vk'e'Nn r ow'i thin
taol mlya unutnsca,ln ecdso uwsiiwtnhhso m eg
frieanndcdso llefargomumyfe issr tsutdj eonbt
Ih asvhea srmoea dns yp emcoimaelwn ittsh almeoxsctl usciovdeiilftnyih c eeod n ottefhx et thnea rrHaotwieviveone. rr dt,eno re autlrise
atth Nea tiGoanlaillnLe ornyd woinwt,hh o Im
ont hjiosu rnIte hya,yn oakul f loy ro buerl ief sltarvaeId pner .i msaorumyra cteew rriiaitlnt etnhre el eenstslontfeh ss'e N etgrorpoae'n d
reallelayar bnoetudhHt ei stooAfr rTyth .ea rer e
imn ea nfodr)'Q Uurn enmdoirnsagul p port. Englriesfehr,ve anarccyesc otrtodh itenh ge met hhei staocortrfi e cpaelit nittritiotonnh s ei c
som anoyt hseoruw lhhsoa evxet etnhhdeae ndd
anpdu rpootfsh teee oxtfte i,nn corporatpienrgp etoiuftasstt ieorneI ho tacyvhpeoe sse,n
LasImt ulstyth aannpkdr atihtsewe ro e maining
ofrfi endosarlh iispte eaanrni,pdn r go mpted
sevteerraitmlnes r chafrnogtmeh aeb ly: tou steht ee rAmf rtoidc easnc broittbhhee
eldoemfry ps ta erannmadal t efarmniamllyy ,
netwh ouogvhtethryse e aarnevsde, in tn h liass t
grandSfaatmhBueaerbl aOsdoulmaoa snmudy, commuosone'f A frtiroce adnu'wc otridvse reaanlid m agpirneesdoe tfnh cepeseseo ple
yeoabfro opkr epariatnth UieKoD ,ne nmark,
grandmAolthFhaoejlraaD saodseu nfmoturh, e suac'shN eg'rNoi'g',gN eerg''rM,eu ssl'a,t taon'cd,o mmunwiitttihhesihe ni stroerciocradl.
SwedUeSWn,e, sA tf rainctdahC ,ea ribbean.
streontfgh tdehai pirrl ayay netdrha seb undance 'Deya'ra,kn 'dS amTbhKoeh' o.i aknhSdoa in Iw iulstleh t ee r'mNse g'rNeog'or,re 'sBsil'na ck'
Evieyfno aurn eon ta myeodwu,i klnlow wh o
trifbroeSmso uAtrfhid cias tinagssua ivsahgseepd e ccoinftiwechx eatrd sie s ticnocntcieornn ing
olfo tvheta htse eyan cdr tohwasets e rs.
yoaurb ee cawuehs aepv reo bsahbalargy eo do d
anydei tn dig'ennaotnuioisvtn e csli'utn dh eed attdieotstru r ompuesbstem adIwe i.al lls o
cuoptf e oarad elimceiaolu!s
transastylsawtneetarmile,cns aom uendd tehre lintgiucriaeslcloytg hnoiisnsede i vwei duals
cattche'arHlmol t tentot'. knowwe broeir nnA m eroitrch Caea ribbean.
Thweo r'dBsla anc'dkB 'l ackhaavmeo orT'h iinsso atna cothf i stcolreiaconaarsln i ng
ane vleonn geprr-etsieetnrnhm hce ie s toriactatlet mompa tn iptuhdleia stceio nuetrsvoee n
recaolrtdh,to hutgowhoe irmeb iwbietdh morceo mpwlaetxTe hrweso .r' dA friiisstc ealnf'
ey
negactointvnaieoto annsmd e anTihnustg hs.e irre duacntddio vleeist t onte lgeo tthideai tvee rsity
usaelst,h moourwgeih d esipbnro eotalhdd otfo ngcuuelsta,un erdxe pse rwiietnthchieens
annde cwo ntheaxpvteesrt ,pu eattheoedwi nr containnadees nx tp rietnsh sDeei da sBpuotr a.
formoscf u ltaunsrdpa ilrr ietduuaMclat nioyn i.wt a ast eorefmm poweursmbeeydAn frti can
otfh etseerh masbv eeue snse udb veirns ivwerliyit tneh reesi ghteenAtnhid-cIf,ae mn tury.
postcdoilsocnaoiwsuae rlals islegn r ass-rtodoo itsstc huEesn sg lFirseIhnr,co ihrCs, h hi nese
actitvhiosEumug rhNo opreAt,mh e rSiocuat,ha dsi sticnuclttreiupvrreees seg netoignrga phic
Ameraintcdha Ce a ribPbeeoaaplonllv.et e hre siitanen is m pecroinattleh xIemt nu, sa tl so
widAefrr wiocraalnwsd e ,al tslh orsees earcihnicnlAguf dreio cnea qnutsae lr mtspo a raphrase
ithsi setsho,ars vioeu igdnhi tff ewraitynosg Rich8Ma.or odir tnee ,r omlfsa anndnd a tion.
I
LANGUAGAEN D ABBREVIATIONS1 1
10 LANGUAGAEN DA BBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations
CaricavetrusrSueas t ire
Basoenrd e seaIhr acavhce,c etphtee dm eaning BMC StephFernesd,e ricakn MdG. De oorrogGteeh,oy r ge. Vo2l:p. t 1.D. e viJsesaFenr,.o t mh eea rClhyr isetriaa n
CatalooPfgo uleia tniPdce arlsS oantailr esi nP reserved tot h'ea ogfde i sco:f� rromyt 'hdee motnhircte ota hte
of atsh e pdiicsttooorpfrih taysilio cna l
caricature thDee pOtfP. r ianntsDd ra wiintngh sBe r iMtuisshe um. incarnation of sainthood.
formtsco r enaetbweu r te coglniikseanbelses es,
1v1o lLso.n dTornu:s otfte heBesr iMtiusshe um, 1870-1954.
antdhw eo rd atsh aep pliocfa tion Vol1s-.p4 r epabryFe G.d. S tephVeonl5ss-;.p1 r1e pabrye d Vo2l:p. t 2..D evissea,nJMdei acnhMeoll lFartot.mh e
satire
combfoirnmeosdwf i (td riorloblnu,yr ,l esque) M.D .G eor.ge earClhyr isetrtiaoat hn'e a ogfed iscoAvferriyc'a:n s
tpou blicloyrr icdraipei crtusilpocelni a,sc ee , int hCeh risotridainno aftn hcweeo r(lfodu rtteoe nth
BMS atC atalnougmubeoe fir n divpirdiuniantBl /M sC. sixteceenntthu ry).
eveonirtd Aelat.h soautghihir seit'sos r y
morree aadsisloycw iitaththlee i dt ienr ary
CohnC ohAnl,b MearyteG re.o Crgreu ikAshC aantogkaue:l R aisonni Vo4lp:.t 1.H. o noHuurg,.Fh rotmhA em erican
theei ghtceeenntbtuohrtt yeh,r ' mssaa tnidr e' otfh Weo rExke cuDtuerdit nghY ee a1rs86 0-18L7o7n.d on: RevoltuotW ioorWnla dIr S: l aavneLdsi berators.
'cariacruaest ieundrt ee'r chiahnni gsetaobrliyc al Officoef 'Tbhooek majno'us rn1a9l2'4,.
ancdo ntempeovriadirernyne cleat ptori ionnt s Vo4l:p. t 2.H. o noHuurg,Fh r. otmh e American
-illustthlraeat yeiirnnegtd e rparnedtations ChaloSnmeirtC hh alroS nmeith.BJroihtni.s hMPcozrtzroBateiiitanns tg:o RevoltuotWi oorWnla drI B: l aMcodekl sa nWhdi te
DescrCiapttailoveof gTuhEeen sger afvriotngmhIs en troduction Myhts.
funcottfih ominessd iFuotmrh.p e u rpoofses
otfh Aer ttto h Eea rPlaoyrttf he P resCeennttu 4ryV .ols.
thsitsuI wd iyal ttle mtpuots t eht ee r'mssa tire'
LondHo.Sn o:t he&rC ao1n,8 84. IBWANeTwh Iem aofg teh e BilnWa ecskt AerrnEt d.B si.n dman,
an'ds atpirrifoinrtct haa'elr tmiedsituiamcn, d David,L oHueGinasrt yae nsKd a renD altNoenw.
C.C .
'cariacsda etsucrroeisf'ppe tcisivufiebcj ects. DNBS mitGhe,o rLgees,Sl tieep ahneSdni, d nSeiLyre eed,Ths e. e.dC amrbidMgAe:B, e lkPnraepos fHs a rvaUrndi �rsity
DictioofNn aatryi Boinraalp2 h2Vy o.l Lso.n dOoxnfo:r d Preisncs o llabowriattthihW oe.nE B..D uB oiIsn stitute
og
UnivePrrseiHst.Msy i, l fo1r9d3,7 -39. forA fricaannAd f riAcmaenr iRceasne aarntcdhh e
MenCioll le2c0t1i0o-n1,1 .
DouglDaso ugRliacsh,Ja orhHdna rdTyhW.eo rokfGs e orge
CruainkCksl:ha sasniAdfirr eadn gLeodn.dP orni:n btye d Vol. 1t:hP ehF arroamto oth hfasel olft hReo man
JD.a v&ys onastt hDery denp re1ss9,0 3. Empire.
FDC ave FaringTthoDeni ,aofJrJ oyose sepphFh.a rinEgdtC.oanv.e , Vo2l:p. t 1.. Ftrheoeam yr C lhrisetrtiaota hn'e a ogfe
Kath1r6yV no..lN sewH aveYna:Ul ne iversi1t9y8 4P.r ess, discovferroytm'hde :em ontihcr teota htie n carnation of
sainthood.
FDG reiFga ringsetpohTn.h, FeJa oringtoEnd.G rDeiiagr.yJ.a mes.
8V olLso.n dHount:c hi&nC so1o,9n 2 3-28. Vol2.p: t 2..F rotmh eea rClhyr isetrtiaota hn'e gae o f
discoA�frryi'ic:nta hnCesh risotridainno aftn hcee
GregGor ego.JRoosewplha.nt dhsCeoa nr icaAtSe ulreicstti:o n world.
fromH iWso rkWist:hA necdDeostcarli psot fHi iosn
FamoCuasr icaatnuadSr keestco hfH iLsi feT,i measn,d Vo3l:. 1pF.tr .o m 'gateoh fed iscotvote hraeyg o'ef
Contempo2rV aorlLisoe.ns d.Co hna:ta tnoWd i nuds1,8 80. abol:ia tritonoifts htRese naisasnaBdna creo que.
HGW Paul,Rs oonnaHlodw ard. HGorgaaprWhtoihrc'k ss ; Vo3lp:.t 2..F rotmh' ea goefd icsovetroty ha'eg oef
Compialnedd waCi otmhm enbtya rRyo Pnaaullds on. abolitEiuornoa:pn etd h woer lbde yond.
2V olNse.wH a�nC.TL ;o ndoYna:lU en ivePrrsei1st9sy6, 5 .
Vo3lp:.t 3.F. r otmh 'ea ogfed icsovetroty ha'eg oef
Hw e WalHpoorlaeTc,he e. LeotfHt oerraWscae l poElaoerf,l abol:iTthieeoni ghtceeennttuhr y.
OrfoErdCd..u nningPheat9meV ,ro ..lL sondRoinc:h ard
Bent1l8ey5,7 -59. KrumbhaaKrr umbhEadawraB,re dlI lsa.aC cr uiksAhC aantka.l ogue
RaisoWnintaehS . k etocfHh iL si afen Wdo rk.
HWCY aleW alpHoolrea,.Tc heYea lEed itoifHo onr aWcael pole's Philad,Pe AlU:pn hiivaeorfPs eintnys yPlrvaen1si9sa6, 6 .
CorrespoEnddL.ee nwcWi.esS .,4. 8 V olNse.w HaYvaelne:
UnivePrrsei1st9sy3, 7 -83. ReidR eiGde,o rWgiel lAiD aemsc.r iivpCeta talooftg huee
WorkofsG eorCgreu iks3hv aonlLkso..n dBoenal:nl d
IBw.-.1eTdh Iem aogfte h e BilnWa ecskt AerrnEt d.Bs u. gner, Dal1d8y,7 1.
LadiasnlKdasa rCe.n D altCoanm.b riMdAg:He a,r vard
1 Thdiiss cuascskineoowdnlgt ehssee minal C.
worokRf i chBaM.roo dr ienh itsh eTsmis UnivePrrsei1st9sy7, 6 -91. RSNMMH amilDtooung,l asR}o.b eaBrnltdy} et.dh s,.
RepresSelnatviAenrrgAty r,:t efaacntds A ricnh ives
Na�' NegrIotO'sr: i agniEdnv UiselE. d s.
TuerrWn,.B urghaan)rd0d )1:tMe oo re Vo1lVe:.r couJtetaeenrta. l ,F romt hPhea raothotsh feao ltfl h e thCeo llecotfti hNoean tsi Moanrailt Miumseeu m.
Turn.eBa rltimMoDrB:el .a ck Classic Press, RomEamnp ire. AlderLsuhnoHdtu :m phr2i0e0s7,.
1982. pFuibrlsiits1n 9h 6ed0 .
INTRODUCTION
LaughSitnogcT kh:eI magoeft hAef rican
inE ighteenthP-rCiennttsu ry
Int hLea ughCriowndg
LondSoenp,t emboenanr a rsrtorwie ne to tfh leaiurg ahuidnigwe hncoca eta,gc lhi mpse
1801,
thbeu sttlrianddgii snotgfr HiocltAb moirnd.s ottf h emsaewsle tvlheloes t hTehrpesr. ia6nl ts o
thwei mneer chfuarnrtiwsei,rg sk-,em ras, worakasps a rooncd uyr ioosarli tet tayhs att
booksealnlsdei rlsv,ea rc samriitchast,u sreiesmtEi nnggfallsiycs ihn waitttihhloe en aw ndd
calPlieeRdro cbye( rflt.s dectiod esa bstuhrpede ,ro iwflh siw cehnr oet beJydo hn
1791-1824)
promhoirtsee c eonpteplnryesi dhn otbp y, Corirny
1804:
publiacs ohmisinccges nteao guetdhs iisd e
Thihsu mormooudosesf a tiforliilssyi ng
frondtoo. rI3 nC a ricSahtoupr ea l ively
(1801) vepryr ejuttdo himecu ilatlii mnta undye
croiwgsda thtelora eugdga hwa,pn p do iantt
resp-eitcnht lesoo :stf si tmtoeh owsheo
ad isoppflr aiyin tnth wsei n[dFoiw4g T.h1e) .
sttocopo nteetm hpdeli afftefirgeunrte s;
groiudspi vaenridsn ec lmuedanen wsdo men,
thoep portguinvtieoptni i cekspt ocok ets
ac hialnaddp ensiaco hneeebrre,fgg wuailrt h
exertchiaesriaetrn t; dh iantc itteom ent,
nol eagnsad,nA fricmaaanntt h bea octfkh e
licentoicocuassbniyteo hssnesie ogdfh t
croJwudas.tst h i en aucgeunrcsaoulns d ucted
volupptauionuTtshii enn gdsea.ct etnitt udes,
eartlhiyaeethra a rpd r ovaiq dueadn titative
obscleanbaeen lsdsi ,md ielcaorr oaft ions
demogortfah pneha ytt ihocinrs,o s widm ilarly
thfieg umrueshsta,a v p eo weerfffueolcn t
repraess eunrvtoeystf y pseeiseun nr ban
thfee eolsfiun sgcse ypotuitbhl.e7
settaniadnl gpssro e viacnla ernitcT ahteuyr e.
araeas n imaatsth ewedi ndpoiwc'ttsuh raets I nCa ricSahtoaupc r hei hlebdly,id tm so ther,
depeixcatgg ebroadtiietnedh ts eh roocfwo sm iicts h raiwtlh lsaethdfi e n bdusatd o ur-faced
gestSuormpeer. ie nvtaespn p teioan rt eracyotu nwgo m(afanas hiolnaaidbesyli )et her
witthhae uidri aewsne sc eewe,i t thhie m age noatm usoertd oop olticotr eaa fuc lksl m ile.
oafs kelpeotionantna i rnrdgoi wr aettch tel yB ehtihnwidos m aattnh bea octfkh ger oup,
lahrogoenk oeosdife tvi sew eSrot. oo d otesh e anedm erfrgoimtn hgee t cbhoerdd etrhlei ne,
prioanfc t u rvacnekaoeuwdso ,ma apnp teoa r distainnbdcr toiavde- Afefraitcauaprpnee da rs
crotshbseo unodtfah rseyh o wpi ndionwt,o quimtees mearhsie ls ooekdos,p ent-hmeoud
thaer moasfs pecotalmcdal wneh doo g lheesr towatrhsdehs ow pi nd[oF1wi1 gH1.]ifi. s g ure,
ass[eF1ti1sHg] e..i jso ibnyae ned x cdiotge d litkhoeet hpearrst,i bcoiatpvshao tyaeensud r
strettcoca htaipec nehgkA .lt lhw eh itlhaeer tissutb ojtfeh ccitos md iics apnlydaeh ytip sr esence
-
-_., . .. -- .-. -- --·�s --.: obsetrhcvere osfrw odmt hseh odpo orwayi,us n usuWahlyi:hs ei ncliutndh veiidss o ifo n
1 \1rl _, 1· \1r, ]] .t}: I. T >O.J watchhi'isun ngc onssictwitioeatusrnh s ' urbeannt ertWahianihtms i ersne tl?a tionship
•• ( .1 . etchneeerpd'olsie is hnea dn Thdi.pssr isnhto p ttoh pee ohpejl oeii tnnh sce r olwhsdea ?
i:,1 1,1,11J,t,-" .r"·,�', , · 1 t.·.-1�JFZ,I1>A ",. .•,. l llfl,1111 windidosew s ifogrtn heaedm useomifet nst servafa enlttl,ro awd eosarrm uanna,sw laayv e?
audiwehnitclhevea,e t ar uyd iiepsnr cees entAenwddh emriegh heft e aittnuh raeer tniesxtt' s
atsh seu bojofeu cortw Tnh.u Casr ircSeah toup creaStoimhoeans d?a tihdta htew reetr eeon fs
iasc lecvoemrm eonntt ahflreuy bi odu ndartiheosu slaihnkidelms i viiLnno gn dmoonsm,te lny
betwaeraetnnl d i ofnte hp,eu bcluilcot fu rew iatf hew wo mheenar netd h eTrhEeen. g lish
f1�.1A 111Cuc1u ,coSuthfolp". l>Iullbnl.r,l tiish,ly,�wnd1I H.:rts.
Septt1•80m1(l., w, le.otwcehwdli n,tiuh p 1p1K lx,P1 .hr:111. looakptir nigan nttdshc ,eo mbeixpneecdt atciaoltnlhseeB dml aNcekgsr,Mo oeosSr,as m,b oes
C1u1rto,f•1 �11•y . t\V•,w,ilsIµ, ohlrtY,•,i 1Urlrnyev..l 'rnty.
LAUGHINSGT OCK 21
FigD.e1t1oa fiolml adon g ling anSdl avBeuostffi. c iraelc oorndlrsye gistered experibeytn hcdeei ds polfea ryo itmiacg iens clervlpeyu ncattuedt hbieyn l cusioofn t he
from CorSihocp(o g.Ft 1ii.]r e thowsheow erbea ptiozrge idva ep nr oper theex pressoifgo anssp lianugg,h stmeirla,in ndg Afriwchaown o ulodr dinbaears iulbyji entc hte
buriaanled,v etnh einwt a hsa rtdot ewlhlo wandereiynetgsh at ctohnfieng eucritesn t he pridnitssp layed.
wawsh oTh.e n umbecristi entd h aer chaivrese grouBput.th Aef rimcaanan d dasne lemoefn t Wes eaeu niqeuxea mopfla enA frican's
lowbeyrv irotfus ei leanncodem si ssSitoinlsl., ritsko t hsiesx tueansli soinn,bc ype l achiinsg imaogent hoet hseirod fet hgel aasmso ngst
we knAofrwi cpaeno plet h(ailnsio kney mous bodyc losebleyh itnh'dem odesyto'u nwgo man as elecotfpi otorrna aintddsr oplrless einnt ed
Spectaaatt orssh Paul's
manl)i vweodr,k aenddd i eidnL ondon.s the afrltiwiristtttsha oboss urroundpihysnigc alt hmee zwtint Prinop ti nSt
Witahp parseinmtp ltihceiCnta yr icSahopt ure intimbaectwye tehnEe n glainsfodhr eignersC.h urYcanlh(1 77p4u),b libsyCh aerdi nBgotwolne s
negottihapeto etse nfotrfi uarlt ahnemdru ltiple FlgJ.ovhR na phSameilt h. CaricSahtoiupasrc el eavdevre rtifosrea m en(t1 72943 a)sa s imialdavre rtifosret mhreean ntg e
Spectoottoo rsShop
inteertpartiwhoinctshr, a bveetwlee n oowunr InPo ulC'rsPriu nrYtchar d. newb usintesrasd iinpn ogp ualratwro mrakd e ofp rianvtasi lianhb islshe o [pF i1]vg1. .S0 t aging
St
timea ntdh per eocucpatiooftn hpsee riOond . PublisIhnLe ondd onby onp apera,ni dmt e diatthpeeos p ulaanrdi ty anotkhienrod fd oubelnec ouwnetfie nrdo, nt he
thpee ripohfte hriiyms a gidneemdo graphy, CarlnBgowtloes2n.5 Ju1nne4 . skiolfil tp su blibsyh eorff eadr oiunbgcl oem ic secornodwo fp ritnhtiesm aogfeal addyep icted
Hancodlou redm ezzotinl
thAefr icapnr'ess ecnacltelom s i ntdh seoc ial :,;.ox24.Cl9 Tcrmu.s otre es encouwnittethrhw eo rmka doen h ipsr emiseisn a no versmiozrneidnh ge addartetsse ntdoe d
d amiocfst hmeo menstot, h ahtib so dy thBer iMtuissehu m. antdh ien venctaeosdtfc haradcrtaewrfnsr om byh eyro unAfgr iscearvna [nFtvi ]gT..h ipsr int
iynmlpiseesr viatnutddh ee lsotwaeotrfua ns Fivg1A. n olna.dyN i/jhtcop liofeu tstihddeeoo r9T. hper intti'tasll es o entiLtaldNeyid g hat,Bca repa kfa(1s7t7m 2a),y
outlYieehtre .a ilsvs ios iObnlede oc.u mented otB reokfoPsutb.l ished impltiheatsth esster ceheatr aacrtieet resm s welhla vbee epno puslianric wtea psu blished
membeorfaf leesttirnaegue dti eanncade , ILno ndbyo Cna rington forsa lep arotfav ispuoatrlfo laivoa ilfoarb leb yB owltewsoy eaerasr laineadrp ,p eatros
Bowles,2 7F ebru1a7r7y2 .
witnnesosot n ltyot hcer udoifGt eyo rgian Hancdo louredm ezzotlnt commisstioco onsm mentt htoehn e maensd havGee rmaonr ig[iFnivs)tg1 ..Th1 e woman
caricbautatul rseoi tttsio ti lleaffteiocnntg 35-225x-3()c Tmr.u sotre es trendtshd eao Tyfh. ie n verasnibdol nu rringr epresiessnh toewidnna ' ptousroeffa' s hionable
thgea thecrreodwW de.c asne teh pel easure thBer iMtuisshe um. of vtiheew er/rseulbajteiciottsns h heirpe foroes tentfraitlcilloyon t:h asi mnagdl,ol ga w, e ll-
__ j
Fig1D. e1t1oarAi flr imcaann
froCmor leotSuhro]epF 1i]g..
FiivD etoariplninnwtindow
g.
from SSpmeicttha'(tFsorvi sjg ..
J2 INTRODUCTION
LAUGHINSGT OCK 23
dres'sbelda ckt-edbaro uyfrn'ok,m d elicchaitnea m eanosfi nvestipgoaptupilrnaegrj uadnidc e
satiprriicanasttl sh o en lvyi smueadli utmh at
cityw,h iuchs e'dB lahcekaa'dn sfd a ctoe sse ll
cupasn,sd u gtaosr w eeitetnbs i tttears Stheei .s thceo nstruocfeti tohnns itce reoitncy opmeisc
darteopd o sAiftr icaaspn asr ticirpaatnhtse,r
goodssu cahsr uma ntdo bacocrao d,v ertise
quictlee aasr llaytv ofae s hiaonnld i kteoss h op, pridnetssi gtnome adkm ee tropoGleiotragni ans
thamne roern amenatcacle ssiontr hiheeo sm,e s
estalbishmweintnthas m essu cahsT heB lack
antdh aiffse ctaimtisao dnm eo rceo mibcya l laugMhyi. n qusiirmypa lsykh so wa nwdh y
ansdt reoefLt osn don. BoIyn n24H• o.garAtfhr'ispc raens epnlcaesc,e d
thsee rvaenxtp'rsess wihoonsw,ei de-setyaerde t hepsrei anntism aAtfreidca cnh araacsts eocrisa l
overmtolcykh sea rb surTdhiceto yp.pk eert tlea ctionrL so nddounr itnhrgee volutieornaa,r y Upfro m Hogarth: ini rocnoinc trtaoso tt hseorc oiuatls iders,
hec arr(iiensv ewsittlehed wa ds sociaatinodn s)a ncdo nsequeexnptllyow rheafustr thneura nce AN otoenE mblemIanthiecr itance distinguhiiwssoh reakdsa m emobrlae
anidn cissniavpeso hfto htte i mSeem.i nal
thoeu tlahnedaidswhte haoarbt s cefnrealmye s they mighatdt do o ucru rruenndte rstanding
eighteenthm-ecmeonitrcuiorysn tn,o iasnsde ur,
hefarc ea,l saoda ds exsuualb tetxhtawo tu ldn ot ofA frican/Eurreolpaetiaaottnn h hsee igohft
Ane xploroafAt friiocnca hna raicntt ehres
2 politiHcoiraanWc ael pnooltete hd'a itef v earn
havbee elno osntt hveiew1er. Britianivno'lsv ienmt ehtnert a nsastllaavneti c
singles-astihrteeheflsato t u riisnth heleda tter
LadNyi ghattBc raepa kfast authwoarn taec do mmenttahranyto noefh is
Thsee rviann t traIdneh.e raenni tcloyogn oywl itahc lear haolfft heei ghteceennttshuh royu,rl idg htly
CaricSahtoupr e beaumtiiegsbh tel osiittHs, o ga-rntohfrt o m
antdh mea ni nt hcer owodf histoarpipcrao,lta hcbihoso ukl timsaeteetklosy
acknodwglWeei llHiaamr t(h1 697-a1s7 64)
og beionbgs c.u.br.uefo t r t hues oeffo reigners,
demonsttrhapete ec ufulnicatrio ofAn fr ican understthapeno dl iatinccdau ll tsutirmaultl hia t
thfier sBtr itairstthior s etp eautsetedh leyi r
anfrdo ma m ultliipcoiflt iyti tnlcei dneontts ,
charaacsst eyrmsb ionlp su blpiecr formancepsr ompgtreadp ahritcai nspdtu sb litsohe exrpsl oit
preseinnsac teisfor rimcH .o garptahi'nsti ngs
essentotib,au lat l wahyesi ghttehnpeir nign cipal
ofleisaunrldeu xuirnBy r itdauirnit nhge Blabcokd iiesna na rtismteidci utmh awta s
anpdr idnitsr eacm toerdla elns o ne arly acti25o n'.
eighteceenntthhu rye:rv isidbutleoet heir rudaen,td h ussu bverHsoiwdv ietd:h epsrei nts
yp Georgviaalnua enusds eadr anogfce h aracters,
Understansdcahbolhlyaa,vrb ese esnk eptical
blackannesdsta st auses n slawvoerdk earnysde, t imagainndae r ticrualcaitaeal nicdso eldo nial
metaoprhasn pd untsoc rittihqeeur eo soifo n
abouusti Hnogg arcthha'rsa acsatb e arrso meter
poignaenmtbllye miantt hieacib ri ltoir teyc alle ncounfotrae nrE sn glaiusdhi eWnhcaedt?i tdh e
Britliibsfyhwe h iggilsihb ertthineno eusv,e au
forh iast tittuodwaertsdh swe i diesrs oufte hse
thsec andaanedlx sc eosfsse lsa veRreflye.cUti ngd oubblieno dfp rejuadnicdcu er iolsoioltkiy k e
ricahnefod,r eiigmnp obrotst hhu maann d
slatrvaeda en edm piArlet.h ohuemg ohc ked
bacoknt hhei stoofTr hyeB laMcakn i'nB ritaini,np ictodresiiagHlno ?ww erset erypeeosat nd materiHaehJ a.bd1e ses nt roinngfllyu enced
hicso nteomrparwiietAshfr icaansps e riaplh er
CharDliecsk weonuslwr di tien1 87a5b otuhto sec ulttuarbaoulon si quneelgyo tiwaittehdai nnbd y
bys eventeentDhu-tccgehen ntpruaeri yn ting,
observhesirw so,ri kses sentmiuatloelnt y h e
embodcioendtr aisntfosr mriensgp otnos es thper inpteadp er?
whihchaoc dc upiietsdel lifbewriatlwhli yt ,
anA fricraenoa'rlis m agipnreedcs ee4n.H 1e Dickreenmsi unsdt sh acta ricwaatasun rde 'obscduerteal'ii lnskt ihnegtm ot hwei der
bodipllye aasnumdre er rymakaimnogn gas t Atlacnotinct zaocnt2e6 I. n1 73w5h,i Al Hsatr lot's
pinpoitnh'teee ndh abnrcieldl oifca onlcoyu r alwayhsa bse ecno nsidale orawer dfot r m, simildairvleryra sneog fce h arac9Hte orgsa.r'thP rogress
circualmaotendgL sotn dbouny ers,
obtaibnyce odn trwaistthh ie sb ofanc ea's totor ifovri' adli gnhiifisetdao wrkyw'a,r dly
icnludAefrdi cmaenn w,o meann cdh ildren
retirneadvs aulr gJeoohnAn t kipnusb lished
havianpgp etaoal r tiasntsrd,e m embtehres idiosynacnrtdah tutishcp e,r eoccuopfa tion
asm embeorfhs i csa softc haracotevresr-tly
atr avealc coduentta itclehinnigac saple ocft s
fashifoorna ttir'ipnogno erg lraodi sn'' a n relatfeiwvw erliyta enrsdshc olaBrusi.l ding
signitfhyifoinrsge iignnfl uevnicseii,bnt l hee
thsel atver aadswe e lalsl iifnWe e sAtf riacnad,
EastMearnnn edre's,c rhiobiwtn hgew ye re ont hlei ttalrheti stosrcihlcoaarlso hni p
parlaonuodrn t hset raenepdtr, e senstlianvge roynp lantaitnBi roanazsni tdlh Wee sItn di27e s.
emplobyyel da doifeq su altoi 'tyfe ehdep ra rrotest,h cnairci ctahitb suo roenk,e cessarily
asp athoywl ithmient ropolliiDftaaenv. i d
5 og Hiesy ewitancescosu onntoe,f m antyh at
antdo c omhbe lra dp s'A.n1da sh er eflectceodn soltihdpeae tceusol uitacro omfoes v etre n
og Dabyd'ses eenmisntaulod nyt hesper esences,
prolifetrhapetee dr iloidt'esr daetsucrrei,b ed
ont hdee parotftu hreeAs fer ipcraens encesy eaarrsc hiinvvaels tiognat tihosenu bjoefc ts HogartBhl'asc ks
(19s8e7a)tc , r itdiicsaclu ssion
hiesx periaennedcn esc ounwteirtasnh o tably
from' tphlea hceoe n coec cupiinoe udEr n glis'hn egro'ense'g,r ebslsabecosky' ms,o, o rssl,a ves,
inm otiownh,i cnhu anctehmdee anionfg considaenrtdeh doh utgfuple rspe2c8t ive.
domesltiifehc'efu , r threerm embetrheadt: lascsaerrvsa,na tnmsdi, s treascsreotssh,se
Hogaritcho'nso garnaidpn hfyl uesnccheodl arly
Onh sifi resntc ounwteirtAshfr icainnSs i erra
lonegi ghteceennttAhun ro yf.t leonn aelnyd
Caricaatg uerneesr,ao trsi ooo lnad b,o uinnd sensittiotv hifuetn yc tioonfr acteh eoarnides Leohneew rites:
represenotaftt hbieol nsam cank. A ndfr om sometiumnesse ttplrioncgme ysi sn,s istently slavweirtyhG ieno rgviiasncu uallt 2uA0rn e .
thcea ricatvuerrymi uscithsts o,b el earned archaipvparlo (awchhih cahss u bdutehde exampiltseh t eu rbaannesddi lcvoelrl 'aBrleadc kT hbel aCcokl oaunrwd,oo lTyeg umeonft
touchain nagt imoann'nsea rnscd u stoms,t heorerteiscpaodlni)dr set coatp layl pable boyfr'o mt hsee copnldao tfAe H arlPortosg resst heGsueie annissw,h afitr osbtt ruidtseesl f
waysa nfads hioannsod,t hienrt erestinugn wlinilgnetos psr oedb eepienrta on,ad l so [Fivg1.121T ] h.iosv erdrseslsaeavdnee x,o pteitc, ono uOrb esrvatiaonndd,i t singutihsehme s
mattetrosto r ifovrir aelc oarttd hh ea nds beyotnhdie,m agaenstd e xttsh awtek now highlitghhseth eodwa yff ectatoifafo onr mer fromt hrees otfM anki.n.Idh. a veta ken
ofd ignihfiiesdtT ohryne.e gcrooa chman, onetsh awtea rael retardoyu bblye-idno rder countryt-ugrinmreilds tarnehdse sJr e wish notiicnme yN avy-Suhrgoewod ni,ffi cultly
av eryp orptley rswointp,ho wdoevreh ri s tor ecoovveerr loaonkhdei dd dceunl tural keerp,esaocsicalli mb2e2r s. thCeo loiuasrc coufonrtea;dn tdh iobt'e a
curplaytt eh;ne e gfrooo tmiananb ,r illianmte moriAesss .u1ct7hh d ei sculssiikooenffl eyr s Thattih A sfr iciasan sm ucahc ommodity litHteltee rodIao mxp ,e rsutahdbeel da ck
livesrtya,to efpl oyra tn sdt alowafbr odty , ana lternvaiteiowvnt e h pes ychoolfLo ognyd on ash ei asd esigancecre sismsoa rdyce l ebayr anwdh iRtaech ea vaeb,o risgpirnuefrn,og m
isfo mewuhnasth aapste olh yin se thleirm bs;d uriapn egr ioodfh eightaennxieeadtr yo und thvei siboifhl igislt eya msiinlgcv oelrl aa r- different-ficroPsltao ruer2ne9tsd .
thnea tiocno'lso ennidaela vBoyuta rksint.g h ese
inh owm aniyl lustorfsa octiilaoilndfe son ot longstapnidcitonrdgie avlie cmep hashiissi ngF urtchoemrm entointn hgie m paocftt h e
prianntstd h eairrt siesrtsi oausnlcdyo ,n ducting
thesweo rthaipepse 6a r?l captitvywi,h icihnr ealwiaitsry r emovablet raodnee n slaAvfreidc aAntksi,nm sa intained:
clorseea doinftg haselus l i onpsu,ns e,n counters, withaok uet2y H1.i psr esenacsaes igonf Negroes
Tor emove thefrno mt heHiorm easn d
Thibso oske etksoa nswtehrqi use stinoont, reactainordnes sp ontsheamsta dteh ree adoifn g
empiirtseh ereafonrael owgiotumhso tiofns
Friewnhdesrt,eh eayra ete asteoa,s trange
asaq uantiatnaatlibyvuseati sa sc ritical caricsaoet nugraeg tihnbigos,o r ke caGsetosr gian
contemptroardacaerrd yse xhcangientd h e
CountPrey,o palneLd,a ngumaugsebt,eh ighly
24 INTRODUCTION
LAUGHINSGT OCK 25
offedninagg aitnhLseat w osfn atuJruaslt ice
Fig.Wvil1ial1m1H oare. whowsoer wka asl rseop rodiuntc hfoeerd m
PortorAafyui bto S uleiDmalno ffo anHdu man.i.Wt.eya rAec cess[asbriyic e]s ofp ribnyst esv epruabll iaschretorhss1es 7 70s asa notjhoekorent hmea sqaudeaerr ound
Uobbe nS olomon1)7.3 3. Tratdoae ,lt lh Cartu eolftt hyeC ioru ntrymen, himfo,rh ei usn abtlope r etaenneddv ,ei nn
an1d7 8a0nswd,h or egulfaeraltmyua rleed
0�on canvJ6a.s1.x 63.. 5cm live'rcioesdtc uomubele'rd e coganshiu smeadn
whihcahss u bjetchtetemotd h Ceo ndition
PrivCaotlel ection. Afriscearvna inpnta sr tiHciulsla arprga.ei nting
property.
PhoOt Coh ri·sIstm iaeg es/ ofS lavleistb,te ltietno e urPr l antatthiaonn s,
MayM orn(i1cn7.g6 h0o)u,sa ettdh M eu seum
BridgIemmaagne s. Hogairntnho vianste evdew raayblsu h ti s
thoaftC attTlheiv'si. e3ow°fA friscpaonkse
ofL ondioasnn ,o taebxlaem [pFliex]g 3..6 1 usoefA friscuabnj feercttistl hiceso emdi c
towaarh dusm ansiesnttiictm hewanottu ld
Depicatm iontglg eryoo ufsp t rpeleatyfo err s
grouwnidtpo ht entfoirba alsa ens du bversive
dominpaotpeu albaorl itpioolniiitntsi htce s
MayD acye lebrisatth ioaowl nsi, v eArfireidc an
humouusri tnhgce o loBnliaabclok da ysa t ool.
lathearol ftf h cee ntbuurityn1 , 7 i3wt5a nso t
serva{notl tdheamrno swti)ta bh r oomj,o ining
Thipsa rtiacrutliiasnrth iecr iwtatasan kceen
necesasp aerrivlavysi ieTvwae.kfo ere xample
threa nokcfsh imsnweeye aph su,r dy-gurdy
forwabrycd o mairct iints htlesa tyteearr s
thaen xiceotnyc erannii nnsgu rreeacrtliioenr
platyehLreo, ra dn Lda doyfM ayw hob oth
oft heei ghtceeennttwuhor ryk,wi intgah in
thyaeta orn1: 0J anuTahrPeyr omnpetwesrp aper
appetaobr em ena,n adc ross-meyieldk maid
uniqpuree scsooukreoerf n atioponlailtiiscts
inL ondpounr potropt uebdl tihssehpe ecohf
witahna ssortomfpe annitsna p yraomni d
agitbayrt eevdo lufteirovnaoaburrry:oh aedre
an' OlFdr Neee graMo a'r,o noanm eMdo ses
hehre aTdog.e tthheepery r foirncm o sttuom e
foreiginnge ernsew rearpeler ceiavste hdr etaot s
BeSna awmh,oh abde egna lvarnuinsianwga ys
soltihcdeio tn attihomanatsr ktehdee v eansat
socisatla bEinlgiltiys,hw .evroaentl ruiweaaslr ,
iJna ma3i1Pc raxe.ifintghse p eetchhpe,a per's
critmiocmaelfon rt' legitbiemgagtiwehn igc'h,
draitnheneda tifionnasn acneydse ,at ls lo rotfs
tiitnlcel aul daerdg eq-ufoofntrteo H mo race
ino thneorn -rciotnutawelax vsti se waesad
glotbraald rienlga gteinoenrsua ntperde cedented
stat'iTnhiagisB s L ACBKe!w oafrhei m,good
nuisaTnhcseeerv .a3n7pt r'ess emnicgwehe tbl el
country2A mtte hnpi'as.r 3timcoumleanrt , cA1.gi76 .xJ0O o.ioh Clnnco alnvMlaoy4e sM3t.5ox.r 3 mcnm9.. incidbeungtti,anv hl ei cse ntrpallaicseeimdne ncpeter nstosarntnaaaiidllgntn e hsc etu ilttwduueotramialSaodltlinuh ana.rv lt ie onrogyk
attittouwdaeArsfrd isc aanntdsh ber utoafl ity
Musetimo fL ondon. thceo mpiotsicoonu,hl adva el bseoe inn cludetdh1 e7 8w0hse Qnu akaenrod t hreerl igious
slavweerrvyea rieemdo,ta invcdeo mplBeuixtn.
Hogarctrhi'tosin tq hueeeff eocftm se rcantilism
oncea nnfiontdd i daecvtiidcoe fnt chweea ys
Africeanntse arreids thoocmreaistnt i hficer st timteor ectorhidem aogfAe f ircavni sittoo rs
plaAcnedt. h ciosu blewd i tneisnns eewds papeLro ndwohno vseer pyr esednecmeosn sttrhaet ed
Fivg1.W1 i llHiogaamr th.
AH or/oPfrso ar(ePsls1a )1t.7e 3 1.a dvertirseesmeeclnaltpistn 'igtbv oeed s i sposheid erardyncahmiicocaftsl r adiinAn frgi cOan.e
Etchainnedgn graving. offo rthsee rviocfae n otbhueyr3e S ri.m3ilarelxya mopnflo et weh,o rseec eenmtelryg ed
3t 53x8 .1�c Tmr.u sotfte hees
iwta lse tftoo thpeorr troafiH toigsatrst h'spo rtrhaaivtrese cepiuvberldei cco gniist ion,
BritiMsuhs etim.
thGea mbisacnh oAlyaurbS aul eiDmiaanl lo
(1701H-is7sa3 go)afm. i staeknesnl avement
anlda treerc ofvreorbmyo ndcaaguesm eidn or
sensaitnpi roinve idcl iracnlpder so mpted
eg
documenitnbao ttiphoa nia nntpd r int
[FVilgl.3l4 ] .
Ine ssenHcoeg,a rretphr esade instteidn ctly
metroposloicctiuaalnlt aushr ewe i,t neists ed
transufonrdmte hrpe r essoufir mepe rialism.
Buwth aHto gaerntshh riinvn iesdlu oawrlae as n
iconogcrualpthouifmrc ee t apahnomdro ckery
inw hitchhBe l apcrke steanicnett hpeeud b lic
perforomfva inrcTtehu ueas.sa c onspicuous
figuorfee m priea,nA fricsaenr v{aomnrat i odr
prostciotuu'ltrdee )f atshhowishoeons ought
hiast tendiannutcnoew 'i emladsyt eArtts h.eJ S
samtei moet haertri swthsofo, l lohwielsde ad,
adopHtoegda ritnhc'lsuo sfAi focrnai nass
incidfiegnutiraneul sr b saocni sacle nfoers
exampilnte hw,eo rokfJ ohCno l{l1ce7.t2 5-80),
ac omgiecn praei nptreorc eeHdoignagr th,
27
LAUGHINSGT OCK
26
INTRODUCTION
18)G1,e1 oMroguet Waoodrwda r(dc .-11870695)ah, a ndcoClaoruirBneogdwt mloeenzs z otint
organbiasnpe rresss uprairnlgifo arm ent
eg RichNaerwdt( o1n79 78W7)i ,l lDieanmt fort wootr h rsehei ltlhwiiansasg l sm,ao st
ane ndtitonh gie n humtarnaBedyh e ifi.sr st
(fl1.7 83G-e9o3Cr)rg,ue i k(s1h7a9n2k- 18w7e8e)wk,a' gfoser ts ha ev elriavgfeeo- oitnm an
abolsipteiteotocnh hh eo uisMnea oy1f 87 9a n anCdh aWrilileals(m fls. 118739W07i) l.l iamo hro usekaeneidpen rd,aed eadpy a'foysra
evangMePWl iilslWeiidal mb e(r1fo71r58c93e 3 )
Holl(a1n71d58 71N 5e)w,ta ovnsi'udsp paorltseoLr o,n dborni cokcrla arypeenrTt helera o.cfk
43
watshc er uficiraelhi enasdt,it thuet ing
gu publtihsfehe ewd'I Wnedspitres im noctksi'n gi nventohrayhseo,vw iedevenecnroc,ue r aged
discusasasri eognau slpeaocrpft a rliamentary
colomnoirraesal,n sgiinggn iifitnco annet layl ternwaaotpfir voeb tihmneeg d ium,
ys
poliAtbiocsl.ip trioopnaiigstnath fon erd oma f
anlde wdanneddsi ss,ci uCnsh saepTdtw eor. suacMshi Gkoeo daen'aislos cf a ricatures
ys
loccaalm paipganmipnhpeglt,ei ttspi,ro innst,s ,
Natutrhaealrrmleeay n ayn onyamrotuiss trse prepsreihnnotatpius nd gi QeinRkcoeeb se rts's
sugbaory caontadst tsr,vo insegum abll em,
whwoe e itchaenrtn roaotccr he o nsotetbo e CaricSahtoueprxe)p ,lh oortwih nbegoy mt ehd iate
senstihtgeie znepedur batlltoi h ices asasu e
idenatnitdfihh eeid g,ch olmym enractiouafrl e a ncdo ncoetfih 'vepe u abglaiaicl n'is tte rary
naticoonnacTleh reoniu.rt w paupstr olific,
thgee nmreeat nhsoa ftto enaner tmiisgmtha tk ed iscoounpr esres u44aTshsiaaottin hd.ce,r itical
moroavlelrys htahdmeoa wtiepnrrgio aslp erity
ane ngraafvatinenorgt s hueacrRsh,o wlandrsooolnsfe'a st iprriiwcniatttlshh iiemn a mgaek ing
antdh suosu riitanscg c ompparniyviinlge ges
impreosWfso oidownsda ersdi Cgonlsl.e ctoiGfve eolryLg,oi nadineos ln ea anBrdl, a nchard
anpdl easluisrkweeest e eotara nat tendant
howevtehrwoe,ri krr e prtehs'eeG notlasdg een'J erreoalrnllidyn' estc eeenynts tuthruo dnty h e
'blbaocPykh' i.c vailo lreanccaienst,dmh ,e
ys otfh gee nwrheif,cl ho ufrroimts hhleea1 dt7 e8 0mse,d iaulmre,ca rdeyd tihtewemid pt rhe serving
contitnhurooeifuan stf edcitsi(eobauosste h
itnh wea korefe voluuntdGieeoron Ir,lga len, d 'aenn tsiorcreie avlo .lu◄tsi on'
litaenmrdea tla phwoersrioecm oaetfl hk)ee y
slopwhlayos ueitdtn h 1e8 2u0nsdG,ee ro IrVg,e FraGnrcoiwssre oi thnei R su floeDrrs a wing
themfoactoiaif rc g umaegnattihsnte sr ta de
atsa sctahensgm eodr,ha alrsd aenntdehp der inCta ric(at1u7tr8has8asu) tic mha 'gmeabsyem ost
affecbtuaitln psgoo l apruibzolipinicgn1 iso n.
shorpe'ashc otticbvoeeod l Ie1nd8 .o1◄nt9o h, e efficaceimopusllioytny h eceda uosevf i rtue
Politthipecea olwplhltyoeh, su pso lkoeu dest
cuostfph piesr oidfoe dc GleionCrerg,ue i ksahnaddne kc obryhuo ml,du iptn togh p eu bnloitci ce
abotuhstel tarvaewd eeer iet thheowrsei th
wouclodl lawbiottrhhsae oot nafeW esItn diamna noyff enadgearbison twhshota, r neo t
vesetceodn ionmtiecor treh Qseut aska enrds
platnpotr eorda pu ocleis taitecinartleTi htel eadm entaaobn loyet hterri baunwndha otl,h; o ugh
proseslayitwnihtasosl i hsnaogadn otaevde rsion NeUwn iColn4 ub1I .anne pgirca epnhdieca votuhrce,oy n tempdteuafyols ules rrlieyop ursoo f.
t'of ojoelsi3tsT9ihh n wigas'ts .hc el iimna te
al aarngddee nsweolrypk reidtn heten, g ravetrr ematbthl teeh ouogsfhe tetsih nvegii ocrre s
Whecno mptatorh etedh ouossaaftn idrse sFl gD.ext fariolSm u tOloweers .
whiscahta incrdae r igcaaitanuf erodeo tainndg ,
maddeu rtihGneeg o iraegnrt ah,of sehewu ndrMre Ddlbdin inrhe choroctoefr wourledn adv eirsa utatolant c haken tislafovlelraiytte ascb kyte hkdee sehna ofrfti sd i6c ule'.◄
whetrhleei toaBfnl yaj cokkb eesg an. desciognnst aAifrniiconaergnv sre,en f erenMaucfgontPa iidhenthnl eocc(gk eF le ibgr.Oa1pet.re8ad) movemseocn rtur,ea lca,inp sdrt o ltihifiatct , Betw1e7ea6nn91 d 8 '1ca9r,i ccaotubulerda s'
wousledet mhv ee lriym oisfta sti inrviecn tidoind acdteisccaarltsial bbyepl dio citsedo tr ial
thsel tarveam doerbe r oardelpyra,ev seernyt
Geo,yiSaatni rPiricnta1sl.7 69-1819 smaplelnr cteaogtfeh o eu tpounat v elreasgse anedx prehsabsdei reoenna cIihtwse i dtt.hh i sp ieacretscfu,ol nlsyt trrou icdt(iercdau tlhee r
prtihntatht bi oso dki'ssc ucsosniclound etsh.ja und agtet)i htaubadinesetd,ns c ounters
thoannpee r ceWnhtit.lh nseut m bgerro ws
I1n7 a6na9 n onyemnogurpsar voedrau ced
Satiprriiacnraatenuls n usmueadlit uom betwtehheein ag nhtd hl eoV wci.G attwrreiltles
incremtehnrtorauelgslheay an grdrc eha ter
satmiorcekt ihbneug r eacuicsvreiarvlta inct
stuadnfydu nctdieofininapnela ,blr eytc austeh saatt' ihreuelptsd h meiirrtr Looor nsd oners
archaicsvciaeblsti hlreia trayinu,tdn y i quoefn ess
JereDmyisa(oh1n 71 2727b 6yr) e,p rehsiemn ting
otfh ceo ntrawadyii wnch tiotcrhhyse eeymt o primaanrtdih lyte,ton h mei noorLfio tnyd oners
thper imnatkasec so nvianrcgiunfomgrte hneti r
wibtlha cfekaetnuwerede asraj i ensgot uetrfi'ts,
underamntidhn aeenn i mfoartmheai ls toryw,h coo ualffdot rhde. mt. h.re e swuatlsht ta hte y
subveirnstThieevnq etu aolcfih tayr acterisation
annda mihniMgmu ngaone nslsaevrevda nt
ansdi mibleacraolutfysh u een ebvaelna nceh aldi otnrto lteht isona agyb omuatt tthearts
antdhc eo ntiewnxh tiAscf hr iacrsaehn osw n
charfarcoItmsae aBrci ckee'rrsse tcaeffn tly
irnec obredtsw teehsnet agnguemrbienrg wertehnce'o tm mcounr roecfno cffye e-house,
arvea rainetddh a,r ien cliupndr eidn ts
sAtlatcghoaeohm duoai gpncheTdo rhfusafPaelt a d ihlr(aoe1pcds7rk[ 6eF8vi)ig o.uxse]ln.yg raevtieyc nhaginsmnd,ezg zso ttihnatts odf espirgondsau ncldei dm,ci otnetde xtutaalv celrnou-rdb r awindgi-srcou.◄1os ms ion'
knowlaebdotguhente:u mboeifrm pressioThnisds i ndom te ahno,w etvhetarhtp,er ints
respaonrnded ta toch tpe o liatnsidoc caila l
empltohyHeeo dg arttrhooiptfaeh ln ei veried
madfer oasm i npgll(aest oem ebwehtewreee tnh emssetlaivytneeh csdei P tuyb.l Wiislhleira m
d amiocstf h tei mMeo.as rtre e presented
seravasas nitla enpndet r ipohbesreoarflv eryn
50a0n 15d0 )0d, i veorafsu idtiwyei ndceer, Hollsapnedc iafidcvaelsrlitynip gserldie n ts
isni nsghleseea ttt ihrwaeetsro ftee hna nd
aristfocortlahlypte,ri iocnfD t y siobnnl ackface,
circuolifam taiagonetndsh ,re ecierp atnido n anbdo uvnodl ufomr'e lsaa dnigdee sn tlemen
colo,bu uroctec dasifiognuaarlpelpsyie na r
antdhc eh aroafMc utnetgrho ha ewt a fosr ced
'popularitmya'i.ntSthcathaihotnel sya rrsehtitiptor h iceno gu nHtefur ryt'hh.ie grh lights
humoriolulsu sotftrleairtjaiorouynrw snh aelrse
teom bomdayr,kt ehbdee giinongafnn ew
primsaerrviaeml doy n ecyleide bnetcealues,te h tahtper icnotubslde di spil'nac yoeudn try
theen grawveiurnsetge eosdl aboongr oastsei p
attifotrAu fdresi ucbajnie tnch cteos mg iecn re,
thweeyer xep etnmosa ikaveneb d u ayn,sd i nceb liilraoroddm rse,sr soionpmgrsg i,an ltl eries,
orp oletmeixEctvaselm.r aj yos ra tainrtdih seti,r
iwnh itchhpe airrt incoiotpn ailtnyif olnu enced
iitss t niocltll we haer tvhaerrmy odienosgf alcopvaevsio,lor it ohrneesrc, eo slfseoasvn ed
suoprptpiunbgl irsehperreassnA,e f inrctaend
meanbiuwntag os ft etnhh ei nogafje o ke.
asto mpeo iintnth p eoirrt ifonlciloHu,ed nirnyg prienxth ibaiwste ailtsolh np e,r oducotfi onp lea48sS uurrev'pi.rvaiinnncdtga rircooamtsu re
Thiiwssh etrhfeeo coutfsh b ioso rke'sesa rch
cheappreiarnnp tdis r caotpeaidde esq,u ateilmnya nhooru sseusac sChas tleHdoouwsen
WillBiuanmb( u1r7y5 0R-o1bD8ei1rg1th) t,o n
begaiisnf tso ,l alc ohowrnso loagriccha l
demonsatcrctaepotse esos fp rloaemls lo ciali Inr eWliamnpdHo,al ileCnl a mbridgeshire,
(1715821J 4a)mG,ei sl (l1r71a58y6Th1 o5m)a,s
indecloinbnlewyci ttthehwde a axn wda noef
Rowla(n1d71s58o72nI 7 s)Ca,ra uci k(s1h7a6n4k- lev42eC losmap.ratailvteholonyuce,go hub ludy BlicHkaliliNnlno gr faonCldak lA,kb ebi eny
abiotlioinBnir simt ain.
28 INTRODUCTION
LAUGHINSGT OCK 19
Derybshie,rg ie avl ienrgisnenges oft eh way on Lofansdhoino lnielskym, a kiinhtga errd colowniitlehos c laei ilfnB rit5iS9ai enn t.cehir witahnii nm agaenA ,fr icbalna'csk wnaess s
peoe plleidvw itshu cihm aesgb,u ilsdmianlgl for eoppel tod istibnetgwueeni slaha danyd humanwiatcsyo nstuapnf todelrby ae ,tt ehy eiterho veremphaesdoi rss emantrieecrvasleldy
coelcltiionpn rsi ev vaitewsipnagtc heast ah ar5lT3oh et p.ritnehtmssel evs erwe also were suebcjetdt oi memnsceu ltlsu etrreoatypintgh roaungthi phsrota hsaa'i tns ,eges rsw'o ubled
broutgehhd tr aomfat hoeu tsei wdorilndd ooresn.j edoa yncdo llebcybt oetsedhx edse,s ep it inw hibclha ckennecsosm epda wsahs oe rlanged escredi b'afasi orri' ne,ded t eh chareraw cotuld
These sitaelbsso ol erso tuurn edrstanodfi ng the ofente-xplniactie uotrf t eh humouwrh,i ch ofhistonreigcaaea tlsilsvyo citaott hieo ns mentitohnwe h einetsso fte hicro uernptarts.
priansatm so doefs ocieaneltr taeinntfom r unedrmiednw omen'psr oeptroircyoe dsI.n unknoawnntd,ob odialnymd o rcaolr ruptiAolnt,h oaurgtheix sptlesdot ieht factth Aatf risc an
Georgianisnw, h iccahr iec'adsti usrtortinagn a dervtemiesntp erfacionneg o fW illiam maed veenm oer repelenltb ys learvy6T.0h is liedvw itahni dnc leo psroxitmooi tetrhy
mirraoirdi entd h reee ales ofc oelcltei lvauegrh tHollabnodop'kus b lichae taisosesnu' rste, h comepxsl ymbomliixwc,h iecvehn a temtpted cietnisezx,t emre socdiiaslte waanascl ywsa
throruagphi dly changing tifememsa.lw eo r(lepdr'h aipnas n e offrttod rum toa ccommeo tdeh naottioofann o eb olrhe roic sustabeicnaeeu tdseh ivre rprye se aesenx cotic
TimoCtlhayy ctroint diecsacelsrl iyb upb usesisnt)h 'atetrh ein so atp riinntt h e savauglet,iel miyan etsvetdb labcokeds iw ith outsiadnhedur msa pnr oerpteyvo,k seudb earnl t
saetsai sr'p ae cuplrioadr.u .vce.rt ym uch coelcltioofan ni ndeel niactea'u5t rT4.h iwsan so t ani mmedioaflcegyi bitlhimatatyd a eni nstanstp acteeh Gsu:ie ani nertitohrCe,a reiabnsb ugar
poffaenorsfteeli .eiv c.qtu.ul ieestn besutnuorttfei nteav xlieeplsonryslte il ovyf mtaecnhscyna intcdrae.aulHp lloroyliu lnsSlat aienst okd.iwt,ee rrhr eess pm ,ua ebd tloi shed tthaubgosaooeuv s otaft te hiiaprrsh y ihsisacvtrpaiseprlss e n ueca.aAl nfr dit coaonls p lAarnttiwoeasrertt,t hi sWceoof ao n pu,pr iiasnnleeeflywgnl,ua ecy dby. a n
Britliiersbthay n frde edomo fs epech4'A9.l tleh teltla laebsos uitm plefrtaounadsnsl,d i bertines, 'natmueratla pfohros rk'i rttiehn rgi sedkegyso f estaebdhl iissthogrryo toee cfsa qruica,t uring
whei tlheed imuimts ealtfte dat cehk artei fic antdeh yq uencehd maa nalpyp ee ftoirt ruednes6s1. whiscohem tiesmi ncelduA dfriclaine tskeh:
oft eh formaplo rtwrhaii(ctaha sm oed ofse lf ribrya,wl hdincaht urianlcedllj yio nkteosw ards The grapshtiycl iosfAa ftriioacnsa ns coupilntee h b ackgroofBu anrdt heool om
promothiabodene n)s oemwhadto wngedr ad teh sexuaalns dc aogtioclaCelr.t aipnrliyn ts comcihca rerasic nGte orgisaatniw raaess Passarrotti's (c.1w5h7o7 ),
TheM erryC ompany
by ermchaanntcdsa ptoanit enh usp a;n d compedaw rittheh fo oolf te h historical courtpr eoscasc culmautisvheeadlr yb y fraormt istcso nttoehirfartc easn ldi tchkel iiarpd sd ing
ctahosufhtst i higmcanhoht ca erkrerywasw ac ieststl tholam wibeo sdrth aeh tlres u whaop nutdneh catte,upr' rrceiearntipigeobne nnwfogssir e ttjehho p kaoenewrsrdf i utdelhdn5, l5 e s'. cHoongrastoihns wtraedansnc,edayn p ,ah cypogtwsrneiioodtfodm hrtuy mhc uailtna gi cnt oot seh cperrduo e dfioneilftgt hrsyeac voeifa6nmno 3eagrt ;ni eh es dnntueidbfi -
'apecpirattehe sdo pihstipcaartaeoddfso uxc'h 'Antain-taeirr-toah,,n ti-esetnatsb'a ltiisrhem evoekd' loswstn'he roruefegrehn cest ot eh asA fribcyFae lnm,i sahr tHiasnLtsei fr inIc k
humo5u°Cr a.es inp oitneht m,u ch-laemdp oopnrovedol kauegrah ttte h exenpsoefm any subhumWahne.t mheenrw, o meno rc hienl,d r (c.15c1o8p-y7Lie3on)ng,a rddaVo i n[cFixi 1g6◄). .
Prie onfWc aelsl,ae rt eoGrgeI Vb,o ught peope.la nidt rsue ndessw auss etdode bunk sucfihg urweeres xe aeggraedtt oab uersqlue Hoewvemro,er t hatnh itesh i,n eflnucoen
thousoafpn rdisn tesr sfoorin naerptels ats we ll teh rigeohut'sc ant' mfroaedrnm siocniga l typicatelh g enorffae c:es erwe drawwinht ethnsietreco typoifcn ogenm tporatrhye osne s
asafo rmo fcen sorsShaitpiw.ersreet ves r y standaanridded asl ss6. swoenl lasnidm ifaena ttuhrraeetsg ulvergaerdl yt hseu bjoecfnt ast uralh uhmiasbntiogy oorl,y ,
ofento nt eh knifee o�fsde dgitiloielubw she n ont ehb estaindadal er,nk esdk iwnaps r odedu c philostorepalhav,yn g,de ogriaaspl hcsyeloa r.
direacttte he repdu tatoifro onysaa rliss,t ocr'aV9tualsrp rej udiacne pdo pulairn sult': by inentsec ross-ihnsagtt,ic iphnpoglrd ark­ Thisp rolbiofidocyfw riintgesx,p loreerd faAufg.rtixLeHt eraoh nnLsaid reaVdf iorIn i cncik.
anpdo litOincoc icaanssti.ho hinas lde g al Ne9ro Caric57a tures colowureadsBo hd.eis w eer alywsao uotfs hae,p inC haeprTt wop,l atceeh Adfr icbaondu yn edr Carica1t5u37r83e -s.
coneqsuencesb,u tteh ambigsuuirtryo unding eiterh threonutpog sht eu,br disproporitnientosneets h nogrsacprhuiatcni pdnr yo lmguaat edEn gra1v5lx.n11g0 .. 5cm.
teh tre tuaergtosfh umoiunar d,d ittoti eho n Typolog iesa er necessaforreyff e ctei v isnc a,al nefadt enssp,a rticiuntl hcaeare oslfy sensatiornaacbliiiafoaslrst g iannig ne dlie lbilnkC)B rTirtuisstoheft ehMseu seum.
inveansesisav npdu bloifcq iuteys tiionn ingc ariec,aa ntGdue rrgoiasna tpirroesde du c womena asb surdly( wbilutrgaxeh bo rme tass
coumreta,nt th oavte rEanlgllg irsahps haitci riasnit rso dnemiogcr apthhyma atd teh gee nre anbdo ttoMmasnfi)yg. eu srw oubled d erssed
enjeody uan ieq furedeomo fex pesrsitohnwa at s nootn ltyo pibcuaatll mso o edrn.I magoefs inb ricgohstte sus,mo metpiameterntesd w ith
evenc omemnetdo nb yfo reigvni si5t2o rs.emaceidao,tn ion-Feernactihennmi gnr aegdgy stersai npd soprio nvt asr,i aotfsi eornvsa nt
We knotwh maetn a nwdo menc ollaedb ortartoerusfss ans-culhoototke-esdn1 eowJ,si sh atet.Hi ariwraa sl wsahyos(r ftmo erna nd
inb ottheh p roducatnsidao e olnfp riantss , moneyelnderas npded laorrss i,me tpolInr ish women)o rc oerveidnc o enmtporahrye address
inte h caes ofte h Macarpornipinu tb leriss h sailors tsehcihrreaa dtcsca,her idvcn elga r sucahsh attsu,r baanncdsa pFsa.c eixaplr essions
Marayn Mda tetwh Darotrty eh lonsgt andinigm agien laitnbeietvswee nn aticohnaarelra sc.t angdes teuw reer centrtaoml e aniwnigt,h
retliaonbsehetiewpnG ilylnardah ipsu blishDeurr iapn eg roifoi dn crepaastirnigo tism, mancyh raaecrstsh owwni de-geryiemda,c ing,
HannHauhm pehyrA.s peocfwt osme n'psu blicen genderebdyfo reigwna rasnt deh chaenlgles oru sitnehighr a nadnsfid n egrs asi enx ually
anpdr iev laeistv erwe regulraeprrleeynse td of nautniiofincaaaltht oimeo,sn a etsi errwe suegstgie ovrd idactiincfaolrelm wyaa tyIi.nv
forle wdm ockeryn,ol etas tte hivra naintdy ofentu seadsa c ultmuetrhaolod fde fenec. s�oe instanetchenisdie nct ificwaatssii omnp ly
lsaupggdesedAotfe w gtiseid. rws iahetnA ohgfrf' i lcsoearvwonaos nmeenat'( ns wd h ichTC hhe Fieserenn,Ic nhId,rai iSnasoTcdnhutr ,tki Disaushnth,tdc,R h h uJe,se swisa n, aomfpc hysuitoglenasado d macirackr esinkec.eiIfoa tdnrgfteoh , usi ecr nthgeha d eretraascitl
raendgfr omm isehbavianrgi ststt ooCc orevant were aliln celdiu snda ets(i arism migrants, �poke,t ehyd isdos impalndydi recutsluya,l ly
Garendp rostintauttuerensaet)rled li yn to poliatleislca ianeldne miese)a cwhi ttehhi r inspe echb ubbwlietasth e xtrepuraesle ntation
hteha basarg ewuddht yyhe prfoabrtaeo p, alr noCdvi inanMduccyednic eiceaerr ly daidesddtt oti hngigfersuao ituuesusnpahr i neilqmdnyues ag,in ginn5igbA8fsof yc.traiahisnn gs lo�fpg1d·ua megg,d a·t ·n Ieac wd tth hiowacfathenits i to nswc ncl aturehd cieoecd ola fot nuiral
soem oft ehse printserv edat lois nos tsructc ommodiatnyad sfo reigtnye plinkdiinsgt ant epietto hfM assaA.s6t 2eh s ubjoecfa't j eo'k