African Urban Harvest: Agriculture in the Cities of Cameroon, Kenya and Uganda PDF
Preview African Urban Harvest: Agriculture in the Cities of Cameroon, Kenya and Uganda
African Urban Harvest · · Gordon Prain Nancy Karanja Diana Lee-Smith Editors African Urban Harvest Agriculture in the Cities of Cameroon, Kenya and Uganda 123 International Development Research Centre Ottawa (cid:129) Cairo (cid:129) Dakar (cid:129) Montevideo (cid:129) Nairobi (cid:129) New Delhi (cid:129) Singapore Editors GordonPrain NancyKaranja UrbanHarvest,CIP UrbanHarvest,CIP Av.LaMolina1895 Nairobi LaMolina,Lima ILRICampus Peru Kenya [email protected] [email protected] DianaLee-Smith MazingiraInstitute Box14550 00800Nairobi Kenya [email protected] Acopublicationwiththe InternationalDevelopmentResearch Centre P.O.Box8500 Ottawa,ON,CanadaK1G3H9 [email protected]/www.idrc.ca e-ISBN978-1-55250-492-5 and InternationalPotatoCenter(CIP) AvenidaLaMolina,1895 P.O.Box1558 LaMolina,Lima,Peru ISBN978-1-4419-6249-2 (hardcover) e-ISBN978-1-4419-6250-8 ISBN978-1-4419-6571-4 (softcover) DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-6250-8 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010932400 ©InternationalPotatoCenter(CIP),2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyare notidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubject toproprietaryrights. Coverillustration:UrbanHarvest Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) JacSmit–InMemoriam ThisbookisdedicatedtothememoryofJac Smit(1929–2009), whodevotedhislifeand energytothesubjectdiscussedinthese pages(www.jacsmit.com). Jachelpedbring thecrucialrolethaturbanagricultureplays inAfricancitiestoworldattentioninthe early1990sthroughhiswritingsandtireless advocacywork. Foreword WithinlessthanagenerationamajorityofAfricanswillliveinurbanareas.Asthe pace of urban growth outstrips job creation and the capacity of most governments toprovideessentialinfrastructure,thefaceofAfricanpovertyisbeingtransformed fromwhatwasonceconsideredaprimarilyruralphenomenontooneincludingtens of millions of unemployed and underemployed living at the margins of the for- malurbaneconomy.Indeed,researchhasshownthatthedepthsofincomepoverty, health risks and food insecurity in the informal settlements of some African cities areoftenworsethaninstressedruralcommunities. Urban agriculture is uniquely well positioned to respond to these challenges. Ironically, despite increasingly integrated global food systems,local production in urban and peri-urban areas remains essential to feeding African cities, due in part tosystemicfailuresinmarketslinkingruralandurbanareas.Thisfactwasdramati- callydemonstratedintheurbanfoodriotsprovokedbytheglobalfoodpricespikes of2007and2008.Historicallydiscouragedandoftenprohibitedbymunicipalgov- ernments,urbanagriculturehasattractedgrowinginterest–andlegitimacy–during thepastdecadeandahalf,largelyduetoagrowingbodyofhardevidenceshowing thatitcanprovideasustainablemotorforbothhumandevelopmentandeconomic growth.Thecurrentvolumerepresentsaseminalcontributiontothatparadigmshift. Drawing on the results of rigorous research conducted in Cameroon, Kenya and Uganda, the authors carefully explore the dynamics of urban and peri-urban agriculture through three complementary lenses – livelihoods, health and poli- cies/institutions. From these scholarly studies, stronger typologies and analytical tools are emerging. The country case studies reveal the rich diversity of food and non-food agricultural systems that have emerged in different urban settings, and underline powerfully the importance of understanding agro-ecological, political, institutional and historical context before designing interventions. The case stud- ies also reveal the complex and dynamic two-way demographic and economic interactionsbetweenruralandurbanareas. And contrary to much conventional thinking, the case studies show that urban agricultureisnotsimplyacopingstrategyforthepoor,butisoftenahighlylucrative economic strategy pursued by the rich as well. Illuminated by insightful political economyanalyses,powerrelationsareexposedascriticalfactorsindefiningurban vii viii Foreword landtenureandland-usesystems,waterrights,thestructureandoperationoffood markets,andthedesignandenforcementofhealthandfoodsafetymeasures. The complex and multi-level nature of power relations challenge simplistic sil- verbulletapproachestorationalizingurbanandperi-urbansystems,andtomaking them more efficient, equitable and safe. Careful, deliberate and inclusive political processesarekeyprocessesthatincludeawiderangeofactorsandthataredriven byhardevidence.In-depthcasestudiesofmulti-disciplinaryandmulti-agencyplat- formsinKampalaandNairobipresentedinthefinalchapterspointtowaysforward, demonstratinghowactionresearchcancontributetopolicyreformbyprovidingthe right evidence, to the right audience and at the right time, and by catalyzing and framingnegotiationsbetweenkeystakeholders. Urban Harvest, a system-wide initiative of the Consultative Group on AgriculturalResearch,mustbecongratulatedforproducingthismarvelousvolume. SimilarcongratulationsareduetotheInternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre, whichsupported,since2000,theresearchprocessthatproducedtheunderlyingevi- dence. Indeed, IDRC has been a pioneer in the field, having funded some of the earliest work in the 1980s that helped define the scope, scale and importance of urban agricultural systems globally. Since that time, IDRC helped create linkages withandbetweenmanyregionalandinternationalorganizations–includingUrban Harvest, the RUAF Foundation, The Urban Agriculture Network (TUAN), UN- Habitat, theUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and a hostof local researchanddevelopmentorganizations.Thesynergiescreatedthroughthesemulti- dimensionalpartnershipscreatedbenefitsthatwereoutofreachforeachworkingin isolation.ThelessonsoftheIDRCexperiencefordevelopmentprogrammingmore broadly are clear – persistence, continuity, and adaptation based on hard evidence canachievetransformationalchangesinthinkingandapproach.Ratherthanchasing fads,IDRCstayedwithaproblemformorethantwodecades,createdandnurtured partnerships, and built local capacity that has now taken the lead. It is hoped that going forward the CGIAR has the same wisdom to retain a meaningful focus on urbanagricultureandtobuildonthepartnershipsfosteredbyUrbanHarvest. ItisfittinginmanywaysthatthisbookisdedicatedtoJacSmit,himselfapio- neer and passionate advocate of urban agriculture. Often referred to as the “father of urban agriculture”, starting in the 1960s Jac worked in more than 30 countries helping planners tounderstand and support urban agriculture inways thatdirectly improved lives and livelihoods of urban populations. Jac founded TUAN, and as the lead author of the classic reference book, Urban Agriculture: Food, Jobs and Sustainable Cities, published in 1996 by UNDP, Jac helped construct the intellec- tual framework within which urban agriculture is now perceived. A great teacher, Jac not only informed but inspired those of us privileged enough to have worked withhim.JacSmitdiedinNovember2009.Hewouldhavelovedthisbook,abook thatinmanywaysreaffirmshisvibrantlegacy. AdjunctProfessor PeterJ.Matlon DepartmentofAppliedEconomicsandManagement, CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA Acknowledgments An enormous number of people and institutions worldwide were involved in the productionofthisbook,contributingtoboththeresearchandtheensuingproduc- tionofthefinalmanuscript.ItistheworkofUrbanHarvest’sGlobalCoordinator, Gordon Prain, Africa Regional Coordinator 2005 to present, Nancy Karanja, and Africa Regional Coordinator 2002–2005, Diana Lee-Smith. The period dealt with is mostly 2002–2006 but the text also refers to many research-related events that took place more recently. Thanks are due to all the many institutions and individ- uals whose collective effort went into the research-to-policy stakeholder meetings and processes that took place before, during and after the research itself and are describedinChapter15.Mostarenotmentionedherebuttheircontributionstothe book’smessagearesignificant. The Urban Harvest program is convened by the International Potato Center (CIP), one of the fifteen international agricultural research centres supported by the CGIAR – the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. The CGIARisaglobalpartnershipofgovernments,multilateralorganizations andpri- vate foundations that works to promote food security, poverty eradication and the soundmanagementofnaturalresourcesinthedevelopingworld.Wewouldliketo acknowledgethevisionandinitiativeofDr.WandaCollins,formerDeputyDirector General for Research at CIP, who led the development of the original proposal to the CGIAR on urban and peri-urban agriculture. We also gratefully acknowledge CIP’s logistical and financial support, in particular to the lead editor, which made thepublicationofthebookpossible.ThesupportoftheDallaLanaSchoolofPublic Health, University of Toronto, is also recognized, with special thanks to Donald Cole.WithoutagrantfromtheFordFoundation(EastandSouthernAfricaOffice) most of the detailed editorial work could not have been done. The International DevelopmentResearchCentre(IDRC)isnotonlyfundingthepublicationcostsof thisbookandactingasaco-publisher,butmembersofitsstaffarealsocontributors to Chapter 14. Further, it has financially supported many of the research activities describedinthebook,includingtheUrbanHarvestProgramitself.Asalwayswith IDRC,ouracknowledgementoftheirrolegoeswaybeyondthefinancialtoinclude almostallaspectsoftheimplementationofthisresearch.Furtherfinancialsupport ix x Acknowledgments was received from the World Bank, which provided most of the Program funding forUrbanHarvest. As described in Chapter 14, many CGIAR centres contributed to the research, but three deserve special mention: IITA which led the research team in Yaoundé (special thanks to Christian Nolte); CIAT which led the team in Kampala (spe- cial thanks to Roger Kirkby); and ILRI which led the team in Nairobi (special thanks to Dannie Romney). Because the Kampala research took off in the direc- tion of influencing policy and legal change as described inChapter 15, theeditors would also like to thank the Kampala Urban Food Security, Agriculture and Livestock Coordinating Committee (KUFSALCC), especially George Nasinyama andAbdelrahmanLubowa,fortheircontributionstotheresearchinKampala,while theroleplayedbyKampala’sCIPofficemustalsobeacknowledged. TheearlychaptersofthebookconcernurbanagricultureinandaroundYaoundé, Cameroon. The investigation of urban agriculture livelihoods in Yaoundé was designedandcarriedoutbyateamfromIITA,IRADandtheUniversityofDschang. The nutrition study was executed by a team made up of scientists from CIRAD, IITA, ISSEA and the University of Yaoundé using data previously collected dur- ing seven surveys carried out in 1999–2000. Team members from ICRAF, IRAD andCIRADmadethesurveyofhorticulturalandtree-seedlingnurseries,whilethe studyofwaterpollutionaffectingandcausedbyurbanagricultureinYaoundéwas designed and executed by team members from the University of Yaoundé, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique Supérieure (ENPS), IITA and ICLARM. A method for the quantification and spatial analysis of urban food supply flows was developed and applied to a test case of fresh cassava roots by team members from IITA, CIRAD,CARBAPandINC.Theauthorswouldliketothankthefollowingpersons specificallyfortheircontributionstothischapter:OlivierDavid,FrançoisDamesse, Anne Degrande, Divine Foundjem Tita, Elie Foukou, Fernand Isseri, Emmanuel NgikamandValentinaRobiglio.Fundingforthestudiesintourbanfarmingsystems inYaoundéthatappearinChapter3camefromtheWorldBankmanagedbyUrban Harvest. IITA and ICRAF contributed material resources and researcher time, and Diana Lee-Smith provided supervision and support for the work through regular workshops. The research into crop–livestock integration in urban farming systems of Yaoundé, whichformsthebasisofChapter4,wasledbyresearchersfromIRAD, withadditionalparticipationbyteammembersfromIITA,ICLARMandUniversity ofDschang,andwasfundedbyUrbanHarvestandIITA.Theauthorswouldspecif- ically like to thank Jeanette Tchakounte, Andre Zoyuim, Randall Brummet and HerbertLekanefortheircontributionstotheworkdescribedinthischapter. The institutional study in Chapter 5 relies on 20 years of research on Yaoundé by the lead author, and draws on data from a wide range of disciplines and sectors. It involved the collaboration of representatives of numerous institutions currently involved in the management of UA or engaged with it in some way: the CommunautéUrbainedeYaounde(CUY);theCommunesd’Arrondissemen;NGOs andneighbourhoodassociations;provincial,departmentalanddivisionalofficesof agriculture; relevant government ministry services; researchers engaged in related Acknowledgments xi studiesandlocalresidentsandmediaorganizations.Theauthorsacknowledgefund- ingfromUrbanHarvestandtheimportantinputsfromDianaLee-Smith,whoalso translated into English all three of the chapters on Cameroon. In addition, IDRC paid for the participation of both Dr. Bopda and Mr. Awono in a regional munici- pal meeting on urban food security and UA held in Nairobi in 2002, co-organized betweenUN-Habitat,IDRCandUrbanHarvest. Chapter 6 is based on the outcome of the Urban Harvest funded project “StrengtheningUAinKampala”.AlongwiththeInternationalCentreforTropical Agriculture (CIAT) as lead organization, collaborating institutions included the InternationalPotatoCenter(CIP),theInternationalInstituteofTropicalAgriculture (IITA), National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education at Makerere University, Kampala City Council (KCC) and two NGOs, Environmental Alert and Plan International. Additional funds for the studies in this chapter were mobilised from CIAT and CIP and financial contributions from the International Network for Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP, a Division of Bioversity International) and the DepartmentforInternationalDevelopmentoftheUK(DfID).Thelattertwogrants madepossiblethehouseholdsamplesurveyoffarmersandthepilotlistingsurvey ofUAenterprisesintwoparishesin2004,respectively.Theauthorswouldalsolike tothanktheresidentsofBukesa,Banda,BuzigaandKomambogaparishes. ThestudyinChapter7,acomponentoftheUrbanHarvestfunded“Strengthening UA in Kampala”, was designed and led by researchers from the department of Agricultural Extension and Education at Makerere University, working with KampalaCityCouncil,NARO,theMinistryofAgriculture,EnvironmentalAlert– an NGO, Plan International – an NGO, and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Additional funds were raised from CIP, BMZ and the “Farm Africa” Fund (DfID). The study of market opportunities for urban farmers in KampaladescribedinChapter8wasledbyCIATincollaborationwithIITA(both ofwhichprovidedadditionalresources),NARO,theMinistryofAgricultureanda farmers’network. Much of the research in Chapter 9 was funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) through a grant to Urban Harvest and the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto. In addition to the research team assembled for the Strengthening Urban Agriculture in Kampala Project, the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) was involved through separate grantsfromUrbanHarvestandIDRCregionalfunds.AswellastheCIDAfunding andtheadditionalUrbanHarvestandIDRCgrants,subsidiarygrantswerereceived fromDfIDandfromIDRC’sAGROPOLISawardsprogram,forthreemaster’sand doctoraldegreestudieslinkedtotheresearchprogram. The contribution of the following persons to the research in Uganda is also gratefully acknowledged: Grace Nabulo, Margaret Ssemwanga Azuba, Gertrude Atukunda,MariaKaweesa,JohnMusisiMuwanga,GuyBlomme,ReneeSebastian, Popy Dimoulas, Frank Mwine, Regina Kapinga, Silver Tumwegamire, Prossy Musoke, Eva Birimukatonda, Pamela Busingye, Elly Kaganzi, Denis Bisasem, A. Namagembe,C.Niringiye,B.Odongo,C.OworiandE.OlowoOnyango.DrJohn xii Acknowledgments Aluma,formerDeputyDirectorGeneralofResearchatNARO,madeaninestimable contribution to moving forward the cause of urban agriculture policy in Uganda beforehisuntimelydeath. TheresearchinChapter10onnutrientcyclesinNairobi,KenyawasledbyILRI, withparticipationfromICRAF,CIP,KenyaAgriculturalResearchInstitute(KARI), theUniversityofNairobiandanNGO,KenyaGreentownsPartnershipAssociation. The study was funded by Urban Harvest using World Bank funds, with additional supportfromDfID,ILRIandCIP. Investigationsintocrop-livestock-wasteinteractionsinNakuru,Kenya(Chapter 11) were jointly supported by Urban Harvest, DfID and IDRC funds, which sup- ported research involving multiple stakeholders including the Nakuru Municipal Council (NMC), University of Nairobi, Egerton University and an NGO, Kenya Greentowns. Special thanks are due to the Municipality of Nakuru, particularly SimonKiarie,formerDirectorofEnvironmentintheMunicipality. ThestudythatculminatedinChapter12onthebenefitsandrisksofurbandairy production in Nakuru, Kenya was led by scientists from the University of Nairobi in collaboration with the NMC and Kenya Greentowns. The work was funded jointly by DfID and Urban Harvest, which also provided research coordination, co-supervisionofanMScthesisandactiveteamengagement. Chapter13describesworkcarriedoutbyscientistsfromICRAFandtheNational MuseumsofKenyaonatopicrelatedtoUrbanHarvestconcernsandsupportedby anawardfromUrbanHarvestandIDRCbasedonperformanceintheAnglophone Africa Training Course on UA in 2004 (see Chapter 14). The lead author, who would like to acknowledge Kisumu City Council for granting permission to con- ductsurveysin their urban and peri-urban markets, first became engaged with UA work as researcher and co-author of Chapter 10, reflecting the catalytic and networkingroleofUrbanHarvestinencouragingUAworkintheCGIAR. For their personal support and guidance for the work in Kenya and the Urban Harvest programme in general, the Editors are grateful to Steve Staal, Amos Omore,CarlosSere,DennisGarrity,BruceScott,BillThorpe,JohnandBrigidMac Dermott, Thomas Fitz Randolph, Delia Grace and, during his time as Mayor of Nairobi,Cllr.DickWaithaka. We would like to recognize the National Institute of Cartography, Cameroon, KampalaCityCouncil,theUgandaMinistryofAgriculture,AnimalIndustriesand Fisheries(MAAIF),MakerereUniversity,UniversityofNairobi,KenyaAgricultural ResearchInstitute,InstitutdesSciencesdeL`Environment,DakarSenegal,ENDA- RUP, Mazingira Institute and the Centre for Indigenous Knowledge Systems and by-Products (CIKSAP) for expertise regarding module development and delivery oftheAnglophoneAfricaTrainingCourse,2004.Ourgratitudeisalsoextendedto individuals such as the late Ato Yilma Getachew of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. They allworkedwithexpertsfromRUAF,IWMI,MDPandUMP-LACaswellasUrban Harvesttoproducethelearningmaterials. Mary Njenga, who has worked as a researcher with Urban Harvest since 2002, deservesspecialmentionandthanks.Maryhasbeenamajorcontributortomanyof the research activities reported in this book, and has advised and supported many
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