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African Politics PDF

376 Pages·1980·40.205 MB·English
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AFRICAN POLITICS WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR Libraire generale de Droit Les Droits ajricains, 2nd edn, 1976. L 'Etat Ajricain, Ist edn, 1970 (out of print); 2nd edn in preparation. Editions Montcbrestien Droit d'outre-mer, 2 vols, 1958-1960 (out of print). Relations internationales, 2nd edn, 1977. Third Edn. in preparation. Politique comparee du Tiers Monde, 1980. Editions Berger-Levrault La Republique du Senegal, 1968. La Repub/ique Unie du Cameroun, 2nd edn, 1977. La Republique du Tchad, 1971. Annuaire du Tiers Monde (Direction). AFRICAN POLITICS by Pierre Fran<;ois GONIDEC • 1981 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE/BOSTON/LONDON Distributors: for the United States and Canada Kluwer Boston Inc. 190 Old Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043 USA for all other countries Kluwer Academic Publisher Group Distribution Center P.O. Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gonidec, P F African politics Translation of Les systemes politiques africains. Includes bibliographical references. I. Africa-Politics and government. 2. Africa-Social conditions. 1. Title. lQI872.G63513 320.96 80-36750 ISBN-13: 978-90-247-2391-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8902-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-8902-3 First published in French as 'Les systemes politiques africains' , Librairie generale de droit et de jurisprudence (2nd edn, 1978). English translation by Mostyn Mowbray. Copyright © 1981 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers bv, The Hague. Cover design by Annemarie Haug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers bv, P.O. Box 566,2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands. CONTENTS List of figures and tables IX List of abbreviations IX INTRODUCTION Approach to the study of African politics 2 What is political development? 13 PART I - POLITICAL FORCES 17 Chapter I - The Bases of Political Forces 19 1. Social classes and politicalforces 19 A glance at the evolution of the social class system 19 Political forces before independence 23 The present configuration of political forces 26 2. The weight of the superstructure 29 Tribalism and racism 29 Religions 34 Education 38 Information 41 Chapter II - Outline of a Typology of Political Forces 46 1. Traditional political forces and modern political forces 46 The reality of traditional forces 46 Relationships between traditional forces and modern forces 51 2. Manifest political forces and latent political forces 53 Manifest political forces 53 From movements to political parties 53 Trade unions 59 Young people's and women's organizations 62 Latent political forces 63 Internal forces 63 External forces 69 3. Progressive or revolutionary forces and conservative or reactionary for ces 71 PART II - THE POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES 79 Chapter I - International Relations 81 1. Ideologies of decolonization 81 From the African Personality to the assertion of a national culture 82 1 Nationalism 88 Nationalism as a rejection of the colonial system 89 Nationalism as a demand 93 2. Panafricanism 100 The birth and growth of the ideology 100 The significance of the ideology 103 3. Non-alignment and 'Third Worldism' 105 Chapter II - Inte!nal Politics 110 1. Which kinds of models? 110 Models of the capitalist type 111 Models of the socialist type 115 2. Awareness ofthe models 121 3. The influence of models on the roads towards economic development 127 The choice of the capitalist road to development 127 The 'African roads' to socialism 129 Marxism-leninism 136 4. The influence of models on the conceptions of goverment 139 Constitutional populism 140 Populism and the society of unanimity 143 Populism of the Party 147 PART III - POLITICAL STRUCTURES 167 Chapter I - A Marginal People 169 1. Suffrage and democracy 169 The problem of candidatures 170 Who can be a candidate? 170 How does the Party choose its candidates? 175 The exercise of the right to vote 178 2. The party and democracy 185 The gap between the party and the people 186 The significance of the party membership 186 Leadership of the population 190 The party, a modern version of feudalism 197 3. Citizens' rights and freedoms in danger 204 Political factors 205 The influence of African political philosophy 205 Political structures 207 Underdevelopment 210 Concrete liberties and abstract liberties 210 The conflict of rights and obligations 213 Justice 215 The politicization of ordinary justice 215 Evolution towards political justice 218 Chapter II - The Instability of Political Institutions 224 1. Forms of instability 224 Ministerial reshuffles 224 The succession of Constitutions and the decline of constitutionalism 227 Recourse to violence 232 Typology of violence 232 Causes 235 2. Coups d'etat 238 Characteristics of coups d'etat 238 Interpretation of coups d'etat 242 The consequences of coups d'etat 246 Legal consequences 247 Political consequences 249 Economic and social consequences 254 3. Rebellions 257 PART IV - POLITICAL ACTION 263 Chapter I - International Relations 265 1. African unity put to the test 265 National liberation movements 266 The conflict with racist States 273 2. Africa and the rest of the world 279 Africa and the UNO 279 Africa and Europe 282 Bilateral relations 286 Chapter II - Economic Policies 298 1. The development of underdevelopment 298 2. The misadventures of the non-capitalist road to development 304 3. The economy of States influenced by marxism-leninism 311 Chapter III - Cultural Policies 317 1. The mirage of the right to education 317 2. Cultural alienation 330 Chapter IV - Social Policies 338 1. The quest for full employment 338 2. The right to medical care 343 3. Trade unionism and political power 346 Name index 355 Subject index 363 Geographical index 366 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1. Nkrumah's view of the relation between capitalist exploitation and racialism. 31 Figure 2. Party-State relationships in Tunisia. 151 Figure 3. Simplified structures, Guinea-Bissau. 153 Figure 4. Authority and power in the Cameroon regime. 155 Figure 5. Structure of T ANU . 194 Figure 6. Class struggle in Africa (K. Nkrumah, Panaf Books, London, 1970). 245 Table 1. Evolution of the geographical distribution of im ports and exports of Mali after the 18 November 1968 coup d'etat. 305 Table 2. Public expenditure on education in US dollars at current market prices. 320 Table 3. Overall school enrolment ratio (6-29 years). 324 Table 4. In-school and out-of-school population (1960- 1972) in millions. 325 Table 5. Second level enrolment and enrolment ratio; Middle Africa (observed and target), 1960, 1965- 1970; North Africa (observed), 1965-1972. 326 Table 6. Enrolment ratios by age groups and groups of countries. 328 Table 7. Second level enrolment by type of education, Middle and North Africa, 1960, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1972. 334 Table 8. Formal sector wage and salary earners in the Ivory Coast and in Abidjan by sector of activity, nation- ality and skill level, 1971 (absolute figures). 341

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