African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation PDF
Preview African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation
Walter Leal Filho Editor-in-Chief Nicholas Oguge · Desalegn Ayal Lydia Adeleke · Izael da Silva Editors African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation Walter Leal Filho Editor-in-Chief (cid:129) (cid:129) Nicholas Oguge Desalegn Ayal (cid:129) Lydia Adeleke Izael da Silva Editors African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation With610Figuresand361Tables Editor-in-Chief WalterLealFilho ResearchandTransferCentre “SustainableDevelopmentand ClimateChangeManagement” HamburgUniversityofAppliedSciences Hamburg,Germany Editors NicholasOguge DesalegnAyal UniversityofNairobi CenterforFoodSecurityStudies Nairobi,Kenya CollegeofDevelopmentStudies AddisAbabaUniversity AddisAbaba,Ethiopia LydiaAdeleke IzaeldaSilva DepartmentofFisheriesand StrathmoreUniversity AquacultureTechnology Nairobi,Kenya FederalUniversityofTechnology Akure,Nigeria ISBN978-3-030-45105-9 ISBN978-3-030-45106-6(eBook) ISBN978-3-030-45107-3(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2021 Thisbookisanopenaccesspublication. OpenAccessThisbookislicensedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),whichpermitsuse,sharing,adaptation,distribution andreproductioninanymediumorformat,aslongasyougiveappropriatecredittotheoriginalauthor(s) andthesource,providealinktotheCreativeCommonslicenseandindicateifchangesweremade. Theimagesorotherthirdpartymaterialinthisbookareincludedinthebook’sCreativeCommonslicense, unlessindicatedotherwiseinacreditlinetothematerial.Ifmaterialisnotincludedinthebook’sCreative Commonslicenseandyourintendeduseisnotpermittedbystatutoryregulationorexceedsthepermitted use,youwillneedtoobtainpermissiondirectlyfromthecopyrightholder. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookare believedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditors giveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsor omissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsin publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Climatechangeisamajorglobalchallenge.However,somegeographicalregionsare more affected than others. One of these regions is the African continent. Due to a combinationofunfavorablesocioeconomicandmeteorologicalconditions,African countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change and its impacts. The IPCC SpecialReport“GlobalWarmingby1.5(cid:1)C”outlinesthefactthatmaintainingglobal warmingby1.5(cid:1)Cispossible,butalsopointsoutthata2(cid:1)Cincreasecouldleadto crises in agriculture (rain-fed agriculture could decline by 50% in some African countries by 2020) and livestock, damage water supplies, and pose an additional threattocoastalareas. TheIPCCalsopredictsthatwheatcoulddisappearfromAfricaby2080andthat maize–astaplefood–maydeclinesignificantlyinsouthernAfrica.Inaddition,arid and semi-arid soils are likely to increase by up to 8%, which will have serious implications for livelihoods, poverty reduction, and meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Pursuing appropriate adaptation strategies is therefore crucial tomeetthecurrentandfuturechallengesposedbyclimatechange. DespiterecentprogresssincethesigningoftheParisAgreementin2015andthe Katowiceclimatepackagein2018,thereisstillmuchtobedonetoraiseawareness on the relevance of climate issues for African nations. This process of awareness raising could be supported by specialized publications written by African experts (orbyexpertsworkingintheregion),basedontherealitiesontheAfricancontinent, and comprehensively documenting and disseminating the many ideas, approaches, methods,andprojectsbeingimplementedacrossAfricatoday. Based on the need to address the above issues that the African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation has been produced. It discusses current thinking and presentssomeofthemainissuesandchallengesrelatedtoclimatechangeinAfrica, aswellasevidencesfromawiderangeofstudiesandprojectsthatshowhowclimate changeadaptationisbeing–andcancontinuetobe–successfullyimplementedin African countries. Thanks to its scope and wide range of topics related to climate change,thisbookisintendedtobecomeaflagshippublicationonthesubject. Thishandbooksharessomeofthelatestresearchfindingsonclimatechangeand itsimpactsinAfrica.AndapartfromhavingprovidedseniorAfricanresearchersand representatives from government and non-governmental organizations with a plat- form for the documentation and dissemination of their work, it provides an v vi Preface opportunity for young scholars from Africa to present their research and climate adaptationprojects.Somespecialfeaturesofthepublicationare: 1. Over 100 scientific contributions written by African researchers and/or researchersbasedinAfrica 2. All contributions have been peer reviewed by an international editorial team consistingofeditors,associateeditors,andreviewers 3. ItrepresentsallAfricanregionsandcontexts,fromNorth,East,andWestAfrica toSouthernAfrica. ThebodyofinformationandknowledgewhichcharacterizestheAfricanHand- book of Climate Change Adaptation is of particular value to: early career and established researchers whose research and studies examine aspects related to climate change and climate change mitigation and adaptation in Africa; social institutions working on climate change and climate adaptation in Africa that need newinformation;nongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs);associationsandcompa- nies, especially from the finance and insurance sectors; government institutions (ministriesoftheenvironment,planningcommittees,etc.);internationalandnational aidorganizations;andotheractorsinAfricawhoseactivitiesareaffectedbyclimate change. The handbook provides an overview of the impacts of climate change on the Africancontinentandthemethodscurrentlybeingusedtoimplementclimatechange adaptation. The experiences from the contributors will also be useful for interna- tional andregionalexpertsworking inthefieldof climate change andplanning,as well as for all those interested in the linkages between climate change and climate adaptation. In order to support the training of a new generation of scientists, the AfricanHandbookofClimateChangeAdaptationwillbeespeciallyusedbyyoung scientists(M.Sc.students,Ph.D.students,andpostdoctoralstudents). And, as importantly, the fact that this publication is available via open access means that it is free and can be read and used by all those interested on matters related to climate change adaptation in Africa, without any costs. Here, the editors wouldliketothanktheassistanceprovidedbytheGermanMinistryforInternational Cooperation(BMZ),whosesupporthasmadethispossible. Theeditorswouldalsoliketothanktheauthorsfortheirhardwork,theirpatience duringthepeer-reviewprocess,andwillingnesstosharetheirknowledgewithawide audience.Thanksarealsoduetotheassociate editors andreviewersfor dedicating their time in the assessments of their manuscripts. Their support is greatly appreciated. WehopethattheAfricanHandbookofClimateChangeAdaptationwillsupport theregionalandglobaleffortstoassistAfricannationshandlethemanychallenges posedbyachangingclimate. May2021 TheEditors Acknowledgments WeacknowledgethesupportprovidedbytheGermanFederalMinistryofEconomic CooperationandDevelopment(BundesministeriumfürwirtschaftlicheZusammenarbeit und Entwicklung), which has made it possible to produce the African Handbook of ClimateChangeAdaptationasanopenaccesspublication. TheeditorsalsoacknowledgethesupportprovidedbytheInternationalClimate ChangeInformationandResearchProgamme(ICCIRP)andthestaffattheResearch andTransferCentre“SustainableDevelopmentandClimateChangeManagement” attheHamburgUniversityofAppliedSciencesfortheassistanceinthepromotion andmonitoringoftheproject,aswellasinsupportingtheauthors. vii Contents Volume 1 PartI ClimateChange,Agriculture,andFoodSecurity .......... 1 1 AdaptationofSeaweedFarmersinZanzibartotheImpacts ofClimateChange ..................................... 3 GeorgiadeJongCleyndert,RebeccaNewman,CecileBrugere, AidaCuni-Sanchez,andRobertMarchant 2 AdaptationofSmall-ScaleTeaandCoffeeFarmersinKenya toClimateChange ..................................... 29 AliceNyawiraKaruri 3 AdaptiveCapacitytoMitigateClimateVariabilityandFood InsecurityofRuralCommunitiesAlongRiverTanaBasin, Kenya .............................................. 49 DavidKarienyeandJosephMacharia 4 AgriculturalInterventionstoEnhanceClimateChange AdaptationofUnderutilizedRootandTuberCrops .......... 61 JosephP.Gweyi-Onyango,MichaelAjanjaSakha,andJoyceJefwa 5 Farmers’AdaptiveCapacitytoClimateChangeinAfrica: Small-ScaleFarmersinCameroon ........................ 87 NyongPrincelyAwazi,MartinNgankamTchamba, LucieFeliciteTemgoua,andMarie-LouiseTientcheu-Avana 6 AssessmentofFarmers’IndigenousTechnologyAdoptions forClimateChangeAdaptationinNigeria .................. 117 IdowuOlogeh,FrancisAdesina,andVictorSobanke 7 CaseforClimateSmartAgricultureinAddressingtheThreat ofClimateChange ..................................... 131 JohnSaviourYawEleblu,EugeneTenkorangDarko,and EricYirenkyiDanquah ix x Contents 8 SorghumFarmers’ClimateChangeAdaptationStrategiesin theSemiaridRegionofCameroon ........................ 147 SaléAbou,MadiAli,AnselmeWakponou,andArmelSambo 9 AttainingFoodSecurityintheWakeofClimaticRisks: LessonsfromtheDeltaStateofNigeria .................... 167 EromoseE.Ebhuoma 10 TiedRidgesandBetterCottonBreedsforClimateChange Adaptation ........................................... 181 R.Mandumbu,C.Nyawenze,J.T.Rugare,G.Nyamadzawo, C.Parwada,andH.Tibugari 11 DeterminantsofCattleFarmers’PerceptionofClimate ChangeintheDryandSubhumidTropicalZonesofBenin (WestAfrica) ......................................... 197 YayaIdrissou,AlassanSeidouAssani,MohamedNasserBaco,and IbrahimAlkoiretTraoré 12 DriversofLevelofAdaptationtoClimateChangeinSmallholder FarmingSystemsinSouthernAfrica:AMultilevelModeling Approach ............................................ 213 ByronZamasiya,KefasiNyikahadzoi,andBillyBilliardMukamuri 13 EconomicAnalysisofClimate-SmartAgricultureTechnologies inMaizeProductioninSmallholderFarmingSystems ........ 225 AngelineMujeyiandMaxwellMudhara 14 RoleofCassavaandSweetpotatoinMitigatingDroughtin Semi-AridMakueniCountyinKenya ..................... 241 C.M.GithunguriandE.N.Njiru 15 FoodSecurityConcerns,ClimateChange,andSeaLevelRise inCoastalCameroon ................................... 261 WilfredA.Abia,ComfortA.Onya,ConaliusE.Shum, WillietteE.Amba,KareenL.Niba,andEuchariaA.Abia 16 ImpactsofClimateChangetoPoultryProductioninAfrica: AdaptationOptionsforBroilerChickens ................... 275 M.O.AbiojaandJ.A.Abiona 17 ClimateChangeAdaptationOptionsinFarmingCommunities ofSelectedNigerianEcologicalZones ..................... 297 AyansinaAyanlade,IsaacAyoOluwatimilehin, AdeolaA.Oladimeji,GodwinAtai,andDamilolaT.Agbalajobi 18 PlantsandPlantProductsinLocalMarketsWithinBenin CityandEnvirons ..................................... 315 MosesEdwinOsawaruandMatthewChidozieOgwu Contents xi 19 RetoolingSmallholderFarmingSystemsforClimateChange ResilienceAcrossBotswanaAridZones .................... 339 NnyaladziBatisani,FloraPule-Meulenberg,UtlwangBatlang, FedericaMatteoli,andNelsonTselaesele 20 AgroecologyandClimateChangeAdaptation:Farmers’ ExperiencesintheSouthAfricanLowveld .................. 363 CrytonZazuandAnriManderson 21 ClimateChangeandVariabilityonFoodSecurityofRural Household:CentralHighlands,Ethiopia ................... 379 ArgawTesfayeandArragawAlemayehu 22 IntangibleandIndirectCostsofAdaptationtoClimateVariability AmongMaizeFarmers:ChirumanzuDistrict,Zimbabwe ...... 397 DumisaniShokoKori,JosephFrancis,andJethroZuwarimwe 23 ClimateVariabilityandRuralLivelihoodSecurity: ImpactsandImplications ............................... 423 KehindeOlayinkaPopoola,AnneJerneck,and SundayAdesolaAjayi 24 ClimateChangeImpactonSoilMoistureVariability:Health EffectsofRadonFluxDensityWithinOgbomoso,Nigeria ..... 437 OlukunleOlaonipekunOladapo,LeonardKofitseAmekudzi, OlatundeMichealOni,AbrahamAdewaleAremu,and MarianAmoakowaahOsei 25 AfricanYamBeantheChoiceforClimateChangeResilience: NeedforConservationandPolicy ........................ 453 C.V.Nnamani,D.B.Adewale,H.O.Oselebe,andC.J.Atkinson 26 UnderutilizedIndigenousVegetables’(UIVs)Businessin SouthwesternNigeria:ClimateAdaptationStrategies ......... 471 V.A.Tanimonure 27 Farmers’AdoptionofClimateSmartPracticesforIncreased ProductivityinNigeria ................................. 495 B.E.FawoleandS.A.Aderinoye-Abdulwahab 28 ClimateChangeAdaptationStrategiesAmongCerealFarmers inKwaraState,Nigeria ................................. 509 S.A.Aderinoye-AbdulwahabandT.A.Abdulbaki 29 DualPathwayModelofResponsesBetweenClimateChangeand LivestockProduction ................................... 523 AdetunjiOroyeIyiola-Tunji,JamesIjampyAdamu, PaulApaguJohn,andIdrisMuniru
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