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African Development Report 2008 2009 PDF

128 Pages·2009·0.46 MB·English
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AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2008/2009 CONFLICT RESOLUTION, PEACE AND RECONSTRUCTION IN AFRICA PUBLISHED FOR THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK BY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © 2008 by African Development Bank The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieved system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer The African Development Report 2008/2009 is produced by the staff of the African Development Bank, and the views expressed therein do not necessarily reflect those of the Boards of Directors or the countries they represent. Designations employed in this Report do not imply the expression of any opinion, on the part of the African Development Bank, concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or the delineation of its frontiers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Data available ISBN 978–0-19-954894-1 Typeset by Hope Services, Abingdon, Oxon Printed in Italy on acid-free paper by Legoprint S.p.A F O R E W O R D In the second half of the 20th Century, the The report emphasizes the critical role of African Continent, more than any other part sound economic policies for promoting of the World has suffered enormously from post-conflict recovery and consolidating violent conflict within and between States. peace. It underlines the importance of This has exacted heavy toll on Africa in building strong national institutions for terms of human suffering and lost develop- effective economic policy making and ment opportunities. The contagion effects peace building. It argues that state building on the neighborhood, in loss of confidence must feature prominently in international from investors, have been considerable. efforts to support the affected countries African leaders have recognized the achieve lasting political stability and imperative of preventing and tackling sustainable development path. conflict and in recent years the continent has While this report provides useful become increasingly stable. Nonetheless insights into these critical development this should not obscure the huge challenges challenges, it also reveals large gaps in our faced by post-conflict countries and fragile understanding of the issues in question. I states in general; how to consolidate peace hope that this report inspires constructive agreements, rebuild state institutions, debate among researchers and policy provide basic services and relaunch the makers to help better understand what economic activity. This is what provides the works, and spreading best practice on the so called peace dividends; hope and continent. Such an endeavor is at the centre opportunities for their people. For the of the Bank’s new policy frame work on African Development Bank, addressing fragile states. I commend the report to our these issues, is a key priority, kick starting readers. the economies, rebuilding institutional capacity and normalizing relationships with international financial institutions. This report aims to contribute to our Donald Kaberuka knowledge about the nature, causes, and President consequences of conflict in Africa with a African Development Bank view to shedding light on strategies to achieve successful post-conflict recovery. This page intentionally left blank A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S The African Development Report 2008/09 was depth external peer review by Robert Bates, prepared by a staff team of the African Mongi Boughzala and James K. Boyce. The Development Bank under the overall quality of the manuscript was greatly enhan- guidance of the Bank’s Chief Economist, Louis ced by comments and suggestions from Kasekende, the immediate supervision of the Bank staff at internal review meetings. The Director, Development Research Department, report team thanks especially Zeinab El Léonce Ndikumana, and with Victor A.B. Bakri, Vice President, Sector Operations, Davies as task manager. The report team who led the discussion at the internal comprised Abdellatif Bernoussi, Manager, review, as well as John Baffoe, Albert Eneas Networking and Research Partnerships Gakusi, Guy Blaise Nkamleu, Emanuele Division, Désiré Vencatachellum, Lead Santi and Boukary Savadogo, who all gave Economist, Research Department; Damoni constructive comments. Kitabire, Lead Economist, Fragile States Unit; The report team is grateful for competent and James Wahome, Macroeconomist, Fragile editorial services from Felicia Avwontom, States Unit. translation coordination from Audrey The report draws on background papers Verdier-Chouchane, research assistance from produced by Paul Collier, Håvard Hegre, Imen Chorfi and Jouini Nizar, and Anke Hoeffler, Robert Muggah and Mansoob administrative support by Abiana Nelson and Murshed. The report benefited from in- Rhoda Bangurah. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS List of boxes, figures and tables..........................................................................................viii Overview....................................................................................................................................xi Chapter 1: Explaining violent conflict .................................................................................1 Introduction............................................................................................................................1 Conflict risk factors ................................................................................................................1 Conflict triggers ......................................................................................................................9 Conclusion............................................................................................................................11 Chapter 2: The consequences of conflict ...........................................................................13 Introduction..........................................................................................................................13 Social consequences ............................................................................................................13 The economic legacy of conflict .........................................................................................19 Conclusion............................................................................................................................22 Chapter 3: Conflict prevention and resolution, and peacebuilding strategies ..........23 Introduction..........................................................................................................................23 Conflict prevention ..............................................................................................................23 Conflict resolution and peacebuilding tools.......................................................................26 Conclusion............................................................................................................................41 Chapter 4: Economic policies for post-conflict reconstruction and development........42 Introduction..........................................................................................................................42 The distinctive context of post-conflict situations..............................................................43 Post-conflict economic policies...........................................................................................43 Aid policies for post-conflict societies ................................................................................53 Beyond post-civil conflict ....................................................................................................55 Conclusion............................................................................................................................56 Chapter 5: Bank Group support to conflict-affected countries .....................................58 Introduction..........................................................................................................................58 Bank support to fragile and conflict-affected countries.....................................................60 Conclusion: moving forward ...............................................................................................72 References ................................................................................................................................73 Statistical Appendix................................................................................................................79 viii African Development Report 2008/2009 LIST OF BOXES, FIGURES AND TABLES BOXES 1.1 Sudan: problematic diversity? ...........................................................................................................................5 1.2 Algeria: civil conflict and Islamic extremism...................................................................................................8 1.3 Rwanda and Burundi: overcoming the legacy of recurrent conflict ............................................................10 2.1 Violence, displacement, and death in West Darfur, Sudan...........................................................................18 3.1 DDR in Sierra Leone: successful reintegration? .............................................................................................35 3.2 DDR for children: the Uganda case ...............................................................................................................36 3.3 Disarmament without gainful employment in the Niger Delta ....................................................................37 3.4 Incomplete DDR and SSR: South Africa’s crime risk.....................................................................................37 3.5 Operation Rachel: successful regional arms control in Southern Africa?.....................................................40 5.1 Difficulties in defining fragile states...............................................................................................................59 5.2 Sierra Leone: Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Project ...................................................................................62 5.3 Summary of the principles for good international engagement in fragile states.........................................67 5.4 The Fragile States Facility ...............................................................................................................................68 5.5 Mano River Union and Côte d’Ivoire Sub-Regional HIV/AIDS Project for refugees, internally displaced populations and host communities ..........................................................................................69 FIGURES 2.1 Battle deaths, 1960–2005 ................................................................................................................................14 5.1 The fragile state continuum ...........................................................................................................................59 TABLES 2.1 Battle and total war deaths in selected African countries.............................................................................15 2.2 African refugees by origin, 2006 ....................................................................................................................17 2.3 African refugees by country of asylum, 2006 ................................................................................................17 2.4 Internally displaced persons in Africa, 2006..................................................................................................18 3.1 Some small arms control instruments ...........................................................................................................39 5.1 Fragile state operations (US dollars) ..............................................................................................................64 5.2 Approvals by sector (US dollars): 2001–2007 ................................................................................................65 Abbreviations and Acronyms ix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB African Development Bank ADF African Development Fund BHP Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project CAR Central African Republic CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment CPPR Country Portfolio Performance Rating CSP country strategy paper DDR disarmament, demobilization and reintegration DRC Democratic Republic of Congo ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative EU European Union FSF Fragile State Facility GSPC Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Country HIV/AIDS human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome HLF High Level Forum ICC international criminal court IDP internally displaced person IFI international financial institution IMF International Monetary Fund ISA independent service authority LRA Lord’s Resistance Army MDG Millennium Development Goal MDRI Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NGO non-governmental organization NPV net present value OECD DAC Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development—Development Assistance Committee PBA performance-based allocation PBL policy-based lending PCCF Post-Conflict Countries Facility PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RMC Regional Member Country RUF Revolutionary United Front SADC Southern African Development Community

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