African Development Report 2008 2009

128 Pages·2009·0.46 MB·English

by  The African Development Bank

AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT
2008/2009
CONFLICT RESOLUTION, PEACE AND
RECONSTRUCTION IN AFRICA
PUBLISHED FOR THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
BY
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
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The African Development Report 2008/2009 is produced by the staff of the African Development Bank,
and the views expressed therein do not necessarily reflect those of the Boards of Directors
or the countries they represent. Designations employed in this Report do not imply the expression
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country or territory, or the delineation of its frontiers.
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F O R E W O R D
In the second half of the 20th Century, the The report emphasizes the critical role of
African Continent, more than any other part sound economic policies for promoting
of the World has suffered enormously from post-conflict recovery and consolidating
violent conflict within and between States. peace. It underlines the importance of
This has exacted heavy toll on Africa in building strong national institutions for
terms of human suffering and lost develop- effective economic policy making and
ment opportunities. The contagion effects peace building. It argues that state building
on the neighborhood, in loss of confidence must feature prominently in international
from investors, have been considerable. efforts to support the affected countries
African leaders have recognized the achieve lasting political stability and
imperative of preventing and tackling sustainable development path.
conflict and in recent years the continent has While this report provides useful
become increasingly stable. Nonetheless insights into these critical development
this should not obscure the huge challenges challenges, it also reveals large gaps in our
faced by post-conflict countries and fragile understanding of the issues in question. I
states in general; how to consolidate peace hope that this report inspires constructive
agreements, rebuild state institutions, debate among researchers and policy
provide basic services and relaunch the makers to help better understand what
economic activity. This is what provides the works, and spreading best practice on the
so called peace dividends; hope and continent. Such an endeavor is at the centre
opportunities for their people. For the of the Bank’s new policy frame work on
African Development Bank, addressing fragile states. I commend the report to our
these issues, is a key priority, kick starting readers.
the economies, rebuilding institutional
capacity and normalizing relationships with
international financial institutions.
This report aims to contribute to our Donald Kaberuka
knowledge about the nature, causes, and President
consequences of conflict in Africa with a African Development Bank
view to shedding light on strategies to
achieve successful post-conflict recovery.
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A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
The African Development Report 2008/09 was depth external peer review by Robert Bates,
prepared by a staff team of the African Mongi Boughzala and James K. Boyce. The
Development Bank under the overall quality of the manuscript was greatly enhan-
guidance of the Bank’s Chief Economist, Louis ced by comments and suggestions from
Kasekende, the immediate supervision of the Bank staff at internal review meetings. The
Director, Development Research Department, report team thanks especially Zeinab El
Léonce Ndikumana, and with Victor A.B. Bakri, Vice President, Sector Operations,
Davies as task manager. The report team who led the discussion at the internal
comprised Abdellatif Bernoussi, Manager, review, as well as John Baffoe, Albert Eneas
Networking and Research Partnerships Gakusi, Guy Blaise Nkamleu, Emanuele
Division, Désiré Vencatachellum, Lead Santi and Boukary Savadogo, who all gave
Economist, Research Department; Damoni constructive comments.
Kitabire, Lead Economist, Fragile States Unit; The report team is grateful for competent
and James Wahome, Macroeconomist, Fragile editorial services from Felicia Avwontom,
States Unit. translation coordination from Audrey
The report draws on background papers Verdier-Chouchane, research assistance from
produced by Paul Collier, Håvard Hegre, Imen Chorfi and Jouini Nizar, and
Anke Hoeffler, Robert Muggah and Mansoob administrative support by Abiana Nelson and
Murshed. The report benefited from in- Rhoda Bangurah.
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CONTENTS
List of boxes, figures and tables..........................................................................................viii
Overview....................................................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1: Explaining violent conflict .................................................................................1
Introduction............................................................................................................................1
Conflict risk factors ................................................................................................................1
Conflict triggers ......................................................................................................................9
Conclusion............................................................................................................................11
Chapter 2: The consequences of conflict ...........................................................................13
Introduction..........................................................................................................................13
Social consequences ............................................................................................................13
The economic legacy of conflict .........................................................................................19
Conclusion............................................................................................................................22
Chapter 3: Conflict prevention and resolution, and peacebuilding strategies ..........23
Introduction..........................................................................................................................23
Conflict prevention ..............................................................................................................23
Conflict resolution and peacebuilding tools.......................................................................26
Conclusion............................................................................................................................41
Chapter 4: Economic policies for post-conflict reconstruction and development........42
Introduction..........................................................................................................................42
The distinctive context of post-conflict situations..............................................................43
Post-conflict economic policies...........................................................................................43
Aid policies for post-conflict societies ................................................................................53
Beyond post-civil conflict ....................................................................................................55
Conclusion............................................................................................................................56
Chapter 5: Bank Group support to conflict-affected countries .....................................58
Introduction..........................................................................................................................58
Bank support to fragile and conflict-affected countries.....................................................60
Conclusion: moving forward ...............................................................................................72
References ................................................................................................................................73
Statistical Appendix................................................................................................................79
viii African Development Report 2008/2009
LIST OF BOXES, FIGURES AND TABLES
BOXES
1.1 Sudan: problematic diversity? ...........................................................................................................................5
1.2 Algeria: civil conflict and Islamic extremism...................................................................................................8
1.3 Rwanda and Burundi: overcoming the legacy of recurrent conflict ............................................................10
2.1 Violence, displacement, and death in West Darfur, Sudan...........................................................................18
3.1 DDR in Sierra Leone: successful reintegration? .............................................................................................35
3.2 DDR for children: the Uganda case ...............................................................................................................36
3.3 Disarmament without gainful employment in the Niger Delta ....................................................................37
3.4 Incomplete DDR and SSR: South Africa’s crime risk.....................................................................................37
3.5 Operation Rachel: successful regional arms control in Southern Africa?.....................................................40
5.1 Difficulties in defining fragile states...............................................................................................................59
5.2 Sierra Leone: Bumbuna Hydroelectric Power Project ...................................................................................62
5.3 Summary of the principles for good international engagement in fragile states.........................................67
5.4 The Fragile States Facility ...............................................................................................................................68
5.5 Mano River Union and Côte d’Ivoire Sub-Regional HIV/AIDS Project for refugees, internally
displaced populations and host communities ..........................................................................................69
FIGURES
2.1 Battle deaths, 1960–2005 ................................................................................................................................14
5.1 The fragile state continuum ...........................................................................................................................59
TABLES
2.1 Battle and total war deaths in selected African countries.............................................................................15
2.2 African refugees by origin, 2006 ....................................................................................................................17
2.3 African refugees by country of asylum, 2006 ................................................................................................17
2.4 Internally displaced persons in Africa, 2006..................................................................................................18
3.1 Some small arms control instruments ...........................................................................................................39
5.1 Fragile state operations (US dollars) ..............................................................................................................64
5.2 Approvals by sector (US dollars): 2001–2007 ................................................................................................65
Abbreviations and Acronyms ix
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ADB African Development Bank
ADF African Development Fund
BHP Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project
CAR Central African Republic
CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment
CPPR Country Portfolio Performance Rating
CSP country strategy paper
DDR disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
EU European Union
FSF Fragile State Facility
GSPC Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Country
HIV/AIDS human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome
HLF High Level Forum
ICC international criminal court
IDP internally displaced person
IFI international financial institution
IMF International Monetary Fund
ISA independent service authority
LRA Lord’s Resistance Army
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MDRI Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NGO non-governmental organization
NPV net present value
OECD DAC Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development—Development
Assistance Committee
PBA performance-based allocation
PBL policy-based lending
PCCF Post-Conflict Countries Facility
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
RMC Regional Member Country
RUF Revolutionary United Front
SADC Southern African Development Community