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Africa since 1800 PDF

414 Pages·2005·4.429 MB·English
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P1:JPJ/FFX P2:FCH/FFX QC:FCH/FFX T1:FCH CB692-FM CB692-Oliver-v2 March31,2005 17:33 AFRICA SINCE 1800 ThishistoryofmodernAfricatakesasitsstartingpointtheyear1800, because,althoughbythattimethegreaterpartoftheinteriorofAfrica hadbecomeknowntotheoutsideworld,mostoftheinitiativesforpo- liticalandeconomicchangestillremainedinthehandsofAfricanrulers andtheirpeoples. Thebookfallsintothreeparts.Thefirstdescribestheprecolonialhis- toryofAfrica,whilethemiddlesectiondealsthematicallywithpartition and colonial rule. The third part details the emergence of the modern nationstatesofAfricaandtheirhistory.Throughoutthe200yearscov- eredbythebook,Africa,andnotitsinvaders,isatthecentreofthestory. TheauthorsareasconcernedwiththecontinuityofAfricanhistoryas withthechangesthathavetakenplaceduringthisperiod. The new edition covers events up to the middle of 2003, and takes accountofthefreshperspectivesbroughtaboutbytheendoftheCold Warandthenewglobalsituationfollowingtheeventsof11September 2001. It is also concerned with the demographic trends that are at the heart of so many African problems today, with the ravages of diseases suchasHIV/AIDSandmalariaandwiththeconflictswagedbywarlords fightingforcontrolofscarceresources. http://avaxhome.ws/blogs/ChrisRedfield i P1:JPJ/FFX P2:FCH/FFX QC:FCH/FFX T1:FCH CB692-FM CB692-Oliver-v2 March31,2005 17:33 ii P1:JPJ/FFX P2:FCH/FFX QC:FCH/FFX T1:FCH CB692-FM CB692-Oliver-v2 March31,2005 17:33 Africa Since 1800 ROLAND OLIVER ANTHONY ATMORE Fifth Edition iii    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridge,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridg e.org /9780521836159 ©CambridgeUniversityPress1967,1972,1981,1994 Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionof relevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplace withoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublishedinprintformat 2005 - ---- eBook (NetLibrary) - --- eBook (NetLibrary) - ---- hardback - --- hardback - ---- paperback - --- paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof sforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhisbook,anddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. P1:JPJ/FFX P2:FCH/FFX QC:FCH/FFX T1:FCH CB692-FM CB692-Oliver-v2 March31,2005 17:33 Contents ListofMaps page vii ONE. AFRICANORTHOFTHEEQUATOR 1 TWO. AFRICASOUTHOFTHEEQUATOR 18 THREE. THEOPENINGUPOFAFRICA:(1)FROMTHE NORTH-EAST 35 FOUR. THEOPENINGUPOFAFRICA:(2)FROMTHEMAGHRIB 52 FIVE. WESTAFRICABEFORETHECOLONIALPERIOD,1800–1875 63 SIX. WESTERNCENTRALAFRICA,1800–1880 78 SEVEN. EASTERNCENTRALAFRICA,1800–1884 90 EIGHT. SOUTHERNAFRICA,1800–1885 103 NINE. THEPARTITIONOFAFRICAONPAPER,1879–1891 118 TEN. THEPARTITIONOFAFRICAONTHEGROUND,1891–1901 130 ELEVEN. COLONIALRULEINTROPICALAFRICA:(1)POLITICAL ANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS,1885–1914 146 v P1:JPJ/FFX P2:FCH/FFX QC:FCH/FFX T1:FCH CB692-FM CB692-Oliver-v2 March31,2005 17:33 vi Contents TWELVE. COLONIALRULEINTROPICALAFRICA:(2)SOCIALAND RELIGIOUSDEVELOPMENTS 160 THIRTEEN. THEINTER-WARPERIOD,1918–1938 170 FOURTEEN. NORTHANDNORTH-EASTAFRICA,1900–1939 183 FIFTEEN. SOUTHAFRICA,1902–1939 200 SIXTEEN. THELASTYEARSOFCOLONIALRULE 211 SEVENTEEN. THEROADTOINDEPENDENCE:(1)NORTHAND NORTH-EASTAFRICA 226 EIGHTEEN. THEROADTOINDEPENDENCE:(2)AFRICAFROM THESAHARATOTHEZAMBEZI 244 NINETEEN. THEROADTOINDEPENDENCE:(3)CENTRALAFRICA 267 TWENTY. THELONGROADTODEMOCRACYINSOUTHERN AFRICA 283 TWENTYONE. THEPOLITICSOFINDEPENDENTAFRICA 303 TWENTYTWO. ECONOMICSANDSOCIETYININDEPENDENT AFRICA 323 TWENTYTHREE. INTOTHETHIRDMILLENNIUM 339 EPILOGUE 369 SuggestionsforFurtherReading 383 Index 389 P1:JPJ/FFX P2:FCH/FFX QC:FCH/FFX T1:FCH CB692-FM CB692-Oliver-v2 March31,2005 17:33 Maps 1 Northern Africa: geographical features and vegetation. page2 2 Northern Africa in 1800. 9 3 Africa south of the equator: geographical features andvegetation. 19 4 Africa south of the equator in 1800. 22 5 North-East Africa: Egyptian expansion. 38 6 North-East Africa: Ethiopian expansion and theMahdiyya. 48 7 North-West Africa, 1800–1881. 54 8 West Africa, 1800–1875. 70 9 Western Central Africa, 1800–1880: trade routes. 79 10 Western Central Africa, 1800–1880: tribal areas andmigrations. 84 11 Eastern Central Africa, 1800–1884. 93 12 Early nineteenth-century migrations in South andEastAfrica. 108 13 Southern Africa, 1800–1885: African migrations. 109 14 Southern Africa, 1800–1885: Boer migrations. 113 15 Europe at the time of the partition of Africa. 121 16 Africa on the eve of partition: African states and Europeansettlements. 124 17 European partition: Western Africa. 132 18 European partition: East Africa. 139 vii P1:JPJ/FFX P2:FCH/FFX QC:FCH/FFX T1:FCH CB692-FM CB692-Oliver-v2 March31,2005 17:33 viii Maps 19 Southern Africa: the European partition – Britain, France,andGermany. 141 20 Southern Africa: the European partition – Leopold and Portugal. 142 21 Africa: the final stage of partition, 1914. 144 22 Africa: colonial economies and administrations. 152 23 Africa and the First World War. 172 24 The Maghrib: economic development during the colonialperiod. 185 25 North-East Africa under colonial rule: economic and politicaldevelopment. 186 26 The independence of Africa. 227 27 South Africa and the Bantustans. 292 28 Nigeria: four decades of independence. 309 29 Africa and the Cold War. 316 30 The new South Africa. 321 31 Conflicts in the Horn of Africa. 341 32 Crises in Rwanda and Congo (Zaire). 344 33 Warlords in West Africa. 350 34 Sudan: North vs. South. 357 35 Oil in Africa. 379 P1:JYD/... P2:FCH/FFX QC:JMT/AMIT T1:FCH 0521419468c01 CB692-Oliver-v2 March31,2005 8:54 ONE. Africa North of the Equator The Sahara and Islam: The Bonds Unifying Northern Africa ThegeographyofthenorthernhalfofAfricaisdominatedbytheSa- hara desert. Throughout its vast area, 2,800 km (1,700 miles) from northtosouthandnearly8,000km(5,000miles)fromeasttowest, rainfall is less than 13 cm (5 inches) a year. Except around a few oaseswhereundergroundsuppliesofwaterreachthesurface,agri- culture is impossible, and the desert’s only inhabitants have been nomadicherdsmen,breedingcamelsandmovingtheiranimalssea- sonally from one light grazing ground to another. To the north of the desert lies the temperate Mediterranean coastland – its rainfall concentrated between January and March, with wheat and barley as its main cereal crops and sheep, the main stock of its highland pastures. Southward are the tropics, the land of the summer rains, favouringadifferentsetoffoodcropsfromthosegrownaroundthe Mediterranean.InthedesertandnorthwardliveBerbersandArabs, fair-skinned peoples speaking languages of the Afroasiatic family. South of the desert begins the ‘land of the blacks’ – to the Greeks; ‘Ethiopia’, to the Berbers, ‘Akal n’Iguinawen’ (Guinea); and to the Arabs,‘Biladas-Sudan’. Thedeserthasalwaysbeenaformidableobstacletohumancom- munication,butfortwothousandyearsatleast–sincetheintroduc- tionofthehorseandthecamelmadetraveleasier–peoplehaveper- severedinovercomingitsdifficulties.Beforethedaysofthemotorcar andtheaeroplane,ittooktwomonthsormoretocross.Nevertheless, 1

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