Affective Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: An Update PDF
Preview Affective Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: An Update
AFFECTIVE DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE -An Update Child Behavior and Development Series Editor Dennis P. Cantwell, MD Suicide in Children and Adolescents. Syed Arshad Husain and Trish Vandiver, editors. Attention Deficit Disorders. Lewis M. Bloomingdale, editor. Affective Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence-An Update. Dennis P. Cantwell and Gabrielle A. Carlson, editors. Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Medical and Psycho logical Approaches to Treatment. G. Pirooz Sholevar, Ronald M. Benson, and Barton J. Blinder, editors. Clinical Treatment and Research in Child Psychopathology. A. J. Finch, Jr., and Philip C. Kendall, editors. Autism: Diagnosis, Current Research, and Management. Edward R. Ritvo, Betty Jo Freeman, Edward M. Ornitz, and Peter Tanguay, editors. The Hyperactive Child: Diagnosis, Management, Current Research. Dennis P. Cantwell, editor. AFFECTIVE DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE An Update Edited by Dennis P. Cantwell, M.D. Joseph-Campbell Professor of Child Psychiatry University of California, Los Angeles Gabrielle A. Carlson, M.D. Associate Professor of Child Psychiatry University of Missouri, Columbia MTiaUMITED International Medical Publishers To Susan Suzi, Denny. Coleen, Erin, and Marianne To Harold Gregory and Jonathan and To Mr. and Mrs. Frederick W. Davis Published in the UK and Europe by MTP Press Limited Falcon House Lancaster England Published in the US by SPECTRUM PUBLICATIONS, INC. 175-20 Wexford Terrace Jamaica, NY 11432 Copyright Cl 1983 by Spectrum Publications, Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1983 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means without prior written permission of the copyright holder or his licensee. ISBN 978-94-011-7720-7 ISBN 978-94-011-7718-4 (e8ook) DOl 10.1007/978-94-011-7718-4 Preface The first two books in this series on Child Behavior and Development dealt with the Hyperactive Child Syndrome (Attention Deficit Disorder) and with Infantile Autism. These are two of the most investigated and best established syndromes in child psychiatry. Affective disorders, that is depressions and manias, are probably the most investigated and best established syndromes in adult psychiatry. However, it is only recently that investigators have turned their attention to depressions and manias in children and adolescents. Focusing on clinical, research, and management aspects, this present monograph is an attempt to collect in one place much of what we know about depression and mania in children and adolescents. The first section deals with the phenomenology of affective disorders in children and adolescents. Issues regarding classification and diagnostic criteria are reviewed and case studies are presented. The second section deals with the issues of alternative forms of depression and relates common school-related problems to affective disorders. The third section on assessment discusses various assessment instruments in some detail. The fourth section on possible etiologic factors concentrates on those biologic areas that are the subject of most of the etiologic research at the present time. Likewise, the last section on management deals with those therapeutic interventions which have been the subject of the most intense research in this-area. Acknowledgements and thanks are due to all of the contributors for taking time from their busy schedule to prepare their chapters; to Lori Faigin, Susan Cantwell, and Adeline Butkus for their work in typing, indexing, and proofing the manuscript; and to Maurice Ancharoff of Spectrum Publications for his encouragement and assistance. In addition, the preparation of this monograph was supported in part by Grants MH35116 and MH08467 from the National Institute of Mental Health. July 1983 Dennis P. Cantwell, M.D. Gabrielle A. Carlson, M.D. Los Angeles, California Contributors Richard Bedrosian, PhD Maurice Eisenbruch, MD Director Visiting Fellow Massachusetts Center for Cognitive Department of Social Medicine and Therapy Health Policy West Borough, Massachusetts Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Dennis P. Cantwell, MD Robert Elkins, MD Joseph-Campbell Professor of Child Vice President of Operations Psychiatry Medical Director Director, Residency Training in Continental Care Corporation Child Psychiatry Columbia, Maryland University of California at Los Angeles Gary Emery, MD Neuropsychiatric Institute Director Los Angeles, California Los Angeles Center for Cognitive Therapy Gabrielle A. Carlson, MD Los Angeles, California Associate Professor of Psychiatry (Child) Judy Garber Division of Child Psychiatry Department of Psychology University of Missouri University of Minnesota School of Medicine Minneapolis, Minnesota Columbia, Missouri Moshe Lang, Dip Psych, MA, MAPS Director William J. Chambers, MD Williams Road Family Therapy Centre Assistant Clinical Professor of President Psychiatry Victorian Association of Family New York State Psychiatric Therapists Institute Windsor, Victoria, Australia New York, New York Thomas L. Lowe, MD Donald J. Cohen, MD Assistant Professor of Psychiatry Professor of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Division of Child Psychiatry Yale University University of South Florida Child Study Center College of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Tampa, Florida vii viii CONTRIBUTORS Theodore A. Petti, MD Michael Strober, PhD Associate Professor of Child Associate Professor of Psychiatry Psychiatry Mental Retardation and Child Director, Youth and Child Section Psychiatry Program Office of Education and Regional University of California at Los Programming Angeles University of Pittsburgh Neuropsychiatric Institute Western Psychiatric Institute and Los Angeles, California Clinic Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Mary Ann Tabrizi, MA, RN Research Coordinator Joaquim Puig-Antich, MD New York State Psychiatric Director of Child Psychiatry Institute Clinical Research Service New York, New York Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry Miriam Tisher, MA, MAPS Columbia University Clinical Psychologist College of Physicians and Surgeons Counseling Services New York, New York Caulfield Institute of Technology Caulfield East, Victoria, Australia Judith L. Rapoport, MD Chief, Section of Child Psychiatry Warren A. Weinberg, MD Department of Health, Education, Associate Professor and Welfare Pediatrics and Neurology Public Health Service University of Texas Health Science Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Center at Dallas Health Administration Medical Director National Institute of Mental Health The Winston School Bethesda, Maryland Dallas, Texas Anne Rehmet, MA Director of Admissions The Winston School Dallas, Texas Table 01 Contents Preface v Contributors vii Section I PHENOMENOLOGY Introduction 2 Chapter 1 Depression in Childhood: Clinical Picture and Diagnostic Criteria Dennis P. Cantwell 3 Chapter 2 Issues in Classification Dennis P. Cantwell and Gabrielle A. Carlson 19 Chapter 3 Case Studies in Prepubertal Childhood Depression Gabrielle A. Carlson and Dennis P. Cantwell 39 Chapter 4 Bipolar Affective Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence Gabrielle A. Carlson 61 Chapter 5 Affective Disorders in Adolescence Gabrielle A. Carlson and Michael Strober 85 Chapter 6 Clinical and Biological Perspectives on Depressive Disorders in Adolescence Michael Strober 97 Section II ALTERNATNE FORMS OF DEPRESSION Overview of Masked or Alternate Forms of Depression Gabrielle A. Carlson 106 Chapter 7 Childhood Affective Disorder and School Problems Warren Weinberg and Anne Rehmet 109 ix x CONTENTS Chapter 8 School Refusal: A Depressive Equivalent? Miriam Tisher 129 Section III ASSESSMENT Assessment of Childhood Depression: An Overview Dennis P. Cantwell 146 Chapter 9 The Clinical Assessment of Current Depressive Episodes in Children and Adolescents: Interviews with Parents and Children Joaquim Puig-Antich, William J. Chambers, and Mary Ann Tabrizi 157 Chapter 10 The Children's Depression Scale: Review and Further Developments Miriam Tisher and Moshe Lang 181 Section IV ETIOLOGIC FACTORS Overview of Etiologic Factors Dennis P. Cantwell 206 Chapter 11 Neuroendocrine and Sleep Correlates of Prepubertal Major Depressive Disorder: Current Status of the Evidence Joaquim Puig-Antich 211 Chapter 12 Biological Research on Depression in Childhood Thomas L. Lowe and Donald J. Cohen 229 Chapter 13 Family Genetic Factors Dennis P. Cantwell 249 Section V NATURAL HISTORY Childhood Depression: Issues Regarding Natural History Dennis P. Cantwell 266 CONTENTS xi Chapter 14 Affective Disorders in Parents: Impact Upon Children Maurice Eisenbruch 279 Chapter 15 Depression and Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents Gabrielle A. Carlson 335 Section VI MANAGEMENT Issues in the Management of Childhood Depression Dennis P. Cantwell 354 Chapter 16 Psychopharmacology of Adult and Childhood Depression: An Overview Robert Elkins and Judith L. Rapoport 363 Chapter 17 Imipramine in the Treatment of Depressed Children Theodore A. Petti 375 Chapter 18 Behavioral Approaches in the Treatment of Depressed Children Theodore A. Petti 417 Chapter 19 Cognitive Therapy with Depressed Children and Adolescents Gary Emery, Richard Bedrosian, and Judy Garber 445 Index 473
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