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Aerospace Radionavigation Systems: Electromagnetic Compatibility PDF

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Springer Aerospace Technology Dmitry Alexandrovich Zatuchny Grigory Grigoryevich Negreskul Oleg Ivanovich Sauta Artem Yuryevich Shatrakov Yuri Grigoryevich Shatrakov Aerospace Radionavigation Systems Electromagnetic Compatibility Springer Aerospace Technology Series Editors Sergio De Rosa, DII, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy Yao Zheng, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Elena Popova, AirNavigation Bridge Russia, Chelyabinsk, Russia The series explores the technology and the science related to the aircraft and spacecraft including concept, design, assembly, control and maintenance. The topics cover aircraft, missiles, space vehicles, aircraft engines and propulsion units. The volumes of the series present the fundamentals, the applications and the advances in all the fields related to aerospace engineering, including: . structural analysis, . aerodynamics, . aeroelasticity, . aeroacoustics, . flight mechanics and dynamics . orbital maneuvers, . avionics, . systems design, . materials technology, . launch technology, . payload and satellite technology, . space industry, medicine and biology. The series’ scope includes monographs, professional books, advanced textbooks, as well as selected contributions from specialized conferences and workshops. The volumes of the series are single-blind peer-reviewed. To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact: Mr. Pierpaolo Riva at [email protected] (Europe and Americas) Mr. Mengchu Huang at [email protected] (China) The series is indexed in Scopus and Compendex · Dmitry Alexandrovich Zatuchny · Grigory Grigoryevich Negreskul · Oleg Ivanovich Sauta · Artem Yuryevich Shatrakov Yuri Grigoryevich Shatrakov Aerospace Radionavigation Systems Electromagnetic Compatibility Dmitry Alexandrovich Zatuchny Grigory Grigoryevich Negreskul Moscow State Technical University of Civil St. Petersburg State University Aviation of Aerospace Instrumentation Moscow, Russia St. Petersburg, Russia Oleg Ivanovich Sauta Artem Yuryevich Shatrakov St. Petersburg State University St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation of Aerospace Instrumentation St. Petersburg, Russia St. Petersburg, Russia Yuri Grigoryevich Shatrakov St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation St. Petersburg, Russia ISSN 1869-1730 ISSN 1869-1749 (electronic) Springer Aerospace Technology ISBN 978-981-19-6340-7 ISBN 978-981-19-6341-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6341-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface The composition of radio engineering complexes used in ground-based radio navi- gation and radar systems, as well as on the boards of modern aircraft, in marine ship complexes, and on space objects is constantly expanding and becoming more complex. New radar stations, communication and radio navigation systems, depen- dent surveillance and warning equipment, systems indicating the ownership of objects, systems for automatic security and location assessment, radio interference, etc. are constantly being put into operation. In these conditions, ensuring the stable and reliable operation of integrated radio systems is much more complicated. When the equipment and systems of integrated complexes are separated in time, or when restrictions are imposed on their functional parameters, the task of ensuring elec- tromagnetic compatibility of the systems included in the complex is simplified. However, this is not always possible to ensure in practice, since in some cases radio equipment either must work constantly, or its radiation cannot be limited based on the requirements for the principle of its operation. In addition, there is always a high probability of exposure to external interference of various types, the full set of which cannot be taken into account when building a complex system operating in a wide radio frequency range. And although by now basic standards for the resistance of radio equipment to interference have been developed and put into effect, methods for its verification and testing methods have been proposed and created, but the problem of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility remains quite acute, and teams of devel- opers of radio-electronic equipment, integrated systems, and complexes are forced to pay special attention to it. Moreover, in all modern tactical and technical require- ments for the creation and modernization of radio equipment, there is a special section where, on the basis of existing standards, norms, methods of testing, and testing of equipment for the stability of its operation under the influence of electromagnetic interference are formulated. The work of specialists at all levels in the field of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility of radio-electronic equipment is impossible without fundamental scien- tific and engineering ideas about the basic principles of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility of radio-technical systems and complexes. Therefore, this monograph, prepared by a team of scientists and engineers with extensive practical experience in v vi Preface solving the problems under consideration, can be used both as reference and scien- tific and methodological recommendations for engineers-developers of integrated radio engineering systems, and as a technical manual for students and postgraduates of radio engineering specialties. Moscow, Russia Dmitry Alexandrovich Zatuchny St. Petersburg, Russia Grigory Grigoryevich Negreskul St. Petersburg, Russia Oleg Ivanovich Sauta St. Petersburg, Russia Artem Yuryevich Shatrakov St. Petersburg, Russia Yuri Grigoryevich Shatrakov Introduction The solution to the problem of electromagnetic compatibility of radio-electronic complexes and systems allows ensuring the stable operation of all radio-technical systems. This issue is given special attention in radio engineering. To date, many documents have been developed that regulate the standards for ensuring electro- magnetic compatibility of radio-electronic equipment in complexes and methods of its testing. In universities, radio engineering departments give courses of lectures on ensuring electromagnetic compatibility of radio-electronic complexes. However, due to the complexity of the problem under consideration, specialists, students, and post- graduates need a deep understanding of the basic principles used in solving problems of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility when creating equipment integrations. Therefore, in this monograph, special attention is paid to . methods for assessing the electromagnetic compatibility of radio-electronic complexes; . methods for obtaining information about unintentional interference in radio- electronic complexes; . development of the theory of predicting unintentional interference in radio- electronic complexes; . evaluation of the experimental characteristics that determine the electromagnetic compatibility of the equipment in the complex; . methods for calculating complex transmitting devices in terms of reducing out- of-band radiation; . assessment of the electromagnetic compatibility of on-board equipment on aircraft; . modern requirements for electromagnetic compatibility in civil aviation. vii Contents 1 Methods for Evaluating the Electromagnetic Compatibility of Integrated Ground Systems and On-Board Systems ............ 1 1.1 Evaluation of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Integrated Ground Complexes in the Presence of Spurious Emissions ..... 1 1.2 Side Radiation in Systems When Using Platinotron Generator ............................................... 3 1.3 Forecasting of Characteristics of Electromagnetic Compatibility Transmission Devices of Radio-Electronic Means .................................................. 8 1.3.1 Statement of the Problem .......................... 8 1.3.2 Methods for Reducing the Relative Level of Side Radiation ........................................ 9 1.4 Evaluation of Electromagnetic Environment by Predicting Results ................................................. 10 1.5 Regulatory Documents on Assessment of Electromagnetic Compatibility ............................................ 11 1.6 Out-of-Band Radiation in Integrated Complexes with Pulse-Code Modulation ............................... 13 References .................................................... 17 2 Method of Obtaining Information from Unintentional Interference in Radar Systems and Radio Navigation Systems with a Generator M-type ....................................... 19 2.1 The Possibility of Predicting Spurious Emissions, Due to the Microwave Generator of the M-type ................... 19 2.2 Analysis of Methods for “Cold” Measurements of the Spatial-Harmonic Structure of the Field in Decelerating Systems ................................... 22 2.3 Method for Studying the Field Structure Using Devices for Undistorted Reproduction of the Spectrum of Spatial Harmonics .............................................. 27 ix x Contents 2.4 Estimation of Distortions in Processing Information About the Field Structure in Ring Resonator Systems Associated with the Presence of a Receiving Antenna (Capacitive Probe) .................................................. 30 2.5 The Radiation Efficiency of a Short Vibratory and Slot Antennas ................................................ 35 2.6 The Choice of Output Heterogeneity in Platinotrons Generator (Stabilitron) .................................... 36 2.6.1 Statement of the Problem .......................... 36 2.6.2 Estimation of Parameters of Output Heterogeneity in the “Cold” of an Oscillatory System Stabilitron ..... 36 2.6.3 Calculation of Parameters of Output Heterogeneity .... 38 2.7 Evaluation of Transient Processes in Microwave Generators with a Resonant Feedback Circuit .......................... 41 2.7.1 Statement of the Problem .......................... 41 2.7.2 Relationship Between the Processes of Establishing the Amplitude and Phase of Oscillations in the Single-Mode Generation ........ 42 2.7.3 Calculation of the Process of Establishing the Working Type of Vibrations in a Stabilotron ....... 45 2.8 Pulse-Code Modulator for the Microwave Generator of the M-type ............................................ 47 2.9 Tunable Ultra-High-Frequency Generator .................... 50 References .................................................... 52 3 Theory of Predicting Unintended Interference of Radar and Radio Navigation Equipment Due to the Properties of the Oscillatory System of the Microwave Generator Used ....... 55 3.1 Phenomena of Interaction of Waves in the Oscillatory System of a Platinum-Electron Generator .................... 55 3.2 The Study of Wave Interactions in the Model-Related Lines .... 60 3.3 The Mechanism of Excitation of Side Oscillations Due to a Violation of the Periodicity of the Slow Wave System of Stabilitron ............................................ 64 3.4 The Technique of Reduction of the Relative Level of Spurious Emissions .................................... 65 References .................................................... 67 4 Experimental Research Characteristics that Determine the Electromagnetic Compatibility of Radio Electronic Systems Using the Space-Harmonic Analysis ..................... 69 4.1 Experimental Technique with the Use of Reference ........... 69 4.2 Experimental Study of Fast Wave Excitation Conditions in the Oscillatory System of a Platinum-Electron Generator .... 71 4.3 Comparison of Results of Dynamic Tests and “Cold” Measurements ........................................... 74

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