Aerospace Propulsion

318 Pages·2013·4.412 MB·English

by  T. W. Lee

RED BOX RULES ARE FOR PROOF STAGE ONLY. DELETE BEFORE FINAL PRINTING.
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Aerospace e
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Propulsion
A
T.-W. Lee
e
Arizona State University, USA
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Aerospace propulsion devices embody some of the most advanced technologies, ranging s
from materials and fl uid control to heat transfer and combustion. In order to maximize
performance, sophisticated testing and computer simulation tools are developed and used. p
Aerospace Propulsion comprehensively covers the mechanics and thermal-fl uid aspects of
aerospace propulsion, starting from the fundamental principles, and covering applications a
to gas-turbine and space propulsion (rocket) systems. It presents modern analytical methods
using MATLAB® and other advanced software, and includes essential elements of both gas- c
turbine and rocket propulsion systems. Gas-turbine coverage includes thermodynamic analysis,
e
turbine components, diffusers, compressors, turbines, nozzles, compressor–turbine matching,
combustors and afterburners. Rocket coverage includes chemical rockets, electrical rockets,

nuclear and solar sail.
P
Key features:
• Both gas-turbine and rocket propulsion covered in a single volume r
• Presents modern analytical methods and examples o T.-W. Lee
• Combines fundamentals and applications, including space applications
• Accompanied by a website containing MATLAB® examples, problem sets and solutions p
Aerospace Propulsion is a comprehensive textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate Aerospace
aerospace propulsion courses, and is also an excellent reference for researchers and practicing u
engineers working in this area.
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s
i Propulsion
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www.wiley.com/go/aerospaceprop
Aerospace Series
Editors Peter Belobaba, Jonathan Cooper
and Allan Seabridge

AEROSPACE
PROPULSION
AerospaceSeriesList
AerospacePropulsion Lee October2013
AircraftFlightDynamicsandControl Durham August2013
CivilAvionicsSystems,SecondEdition Moir,SeabridgeandJukes August2013
ModellingandManagingAirportPerformance Zografos July2013
AdvancedAircraftDesign:ConceptualDesign, Torenbeek June2013
AnalysisandOptimizationofSubsonicCivil
Airplanes
DesignandAnalysisofCompositeStructures: Kassapoglou April2013
WithapplicationstoaerospaceStructures,
SecondEdition
AircraftSystemsIntegrationofAir-Launched Rigby April2013
Weapons
DesignandDevelopmentofAircraftSystems, MoirandSeabridge November2012
SecondEdition
UnderstandingAerodynamics:Arguingfromthe McLean November2012
RealPhysics
AircraftDesign:ASystemsEngineeringApproach Sadraey October2012
IntroductiontoUAVSystems,FourthEdition FahlstromandGleason August2012
TheoryofLift:IntroductoryComputational McBain August2012
AerodynamicswithMATLABandOctave
SenseandAvoidinUAS:Researchand Angelov April2012
Applications
MorphingAerospaceVehiclesandStructures Valasek April2012
GasTurbinePropulsionSystems MacIsaacandLangton July2011
BasicHelicopterAerodynamics,ThirdEdition SeddonandNewman July2011
AdvancedControlofAircraft,Spacecraftand Tewari July2011
Rockets
CooperativePathPlanningofUnmannedAerial Tsourdosetal November2010
Vehicles
PrinciplesofFlightforPilots Swatton October2010
AirTravelandHealth:ASystemsPerspective Seabridgeetal September2010
UnmannedAircraftSystems:UAVSDesign, Austin April2010
DevelopmentandDeployment
IntroductiontoAntennaPlacement&Installations Macnamara April2010
PrinciplesofFlightSimulation Allerton October2009
AircraftFuelSystems Langtonetal May2009
TheGlobalAirlineIndustry Belobaba April2009
ComputationalModellingandSimulation Diston April2009
ofAircraftandtheEnvironment:Volume1–
PlatformKinematicsandSyntheticEnvironment
HandbookofSpaceTechnology Ley,WittmannHallmann April2009
AircraftPerformanceTheoryandPracticeforPilots Swatton August2008
AircraftSystems,ThirdEdition Moir&Seabridge March2008
IntroductiontoAircraftAeroelasticityAndLoads Wright&Cooper December2007
StabilityandControlofAircraftSystems Langton September2006
MilitaryAvionicsSystems Moir&Seabridge February2006
DesignandDevelopmentofAircraftSystems Moir&Seabridge June2004
AircraftLoadingandStructuralLayout Howe May2004
AircraftDisplaySystems Jukes December2003
CivilAvionicsSystems Moir&Seabridge December2002
AEROSPACE
PROPULSION
T.-W.Lee
ArizonaStateUniversity,USA
This ed ition first published 2014
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Lee,T.-W.(Tae-Woo)
Aerospacepropulsion/TWLee.
1onlineresource.
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publisher;resourcenotviewed.
ISBN978-1-118-53465-6(AdobePDF)–ISBN978-1-118-53487-8(ePub)–ISBN
978-1-118-30798-4(cloth) 1. Airplanes–Jetpropulsion. 2. Rocketry. I.
Title.
TL709
629.101–dc23
2013027339
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:978-1-118-30798-4
Setin10/12ptTimesbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
1 2014
Contents
SeriesPreface ix
Preface xi
1 Introduction to Propulsion Systems 1
1.1 Conservation of Momentum 7
1.2 Conservation of Energy (the First Law of Thermodynamics)
and Other Thermodynamic Relationships 10
1.3 One-Dimensional Gas Dynamics 13
1.4 Heat Transfer 14
1.5 Standard Atmospheric Air Properties 15
1.6 Unit Conversion 17
1.7 Problems 20
Bibliography 20
2 Principle of Thrust 21
2.1 Thrust Configurations 21
2.2 Thrust Equation 23
2.3 Basic Engine Performance Parameters 28
2.4 Propulsion and Aircraft Performance 34
2.5 Propeller Propulsion 38
1
2.6 MATLAB Program 39
2.7 Problems 40
Bibliography 42
3 Basic Analyses of Gas-Turbine Engines 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Gas-Turbine Engine as a Power Cycle (Brayton Cycle) 43
3.3 Ideal-Cycle Analysis for Turbofan Engines 49
3.4 Turbojets, Afterburners and Ramjets 61
3.4.1 Turbojet 61
3.4.2 Turbojets with Afterburners 64
3.4.3 Turbofan Engines with Afterburning (Mixed Stream) 68
3.4.4 Ramjets 70
vi Contents
3.5 Further Uses of Basic Engine Analysis 73
1
3.6 MATLAB Program 76
3.7 Problems 77
Bibliography 79
4 Gas-Turbine Components: Inlets and Nozzles 81
4.1 Gas-Turbine Inlets 81
4.2 Subsonic Diffuser Operation 82
4.3 Supersonic Inlet Operation 91
4.4 Gas-Turbine Nozzles 95
4.5 Problems 98
Bibliography 99
5 Compressors and Turbines 101
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 Basic Compressor Aero-Thermodynamics 103
5.2.1 Compressor Stage Performance 107
5.2.2 Pressure Coefficient and Boundary Layer Separation 109
5.2.3 de Haller Number and the Diffusion Factor 110
5.2.4 Mach Number Effect 111
5.2.5 Degree of Reaction 112
5.3 Radial Variations in Compressors 115
5.3.1 Stage Work and Degree of Reaction for Free-Vortex Swirl
Distribution 118
5.4 Preliminary Compressor Analysis/Design 119
5.5 Centrifugal Compressors 120
5.6 Turbine 123
5.6.1 Estimation of the Blade Stagnation Temperature 126
5.6.2 Turbine Blade and Disk Stresses 128
1
5.7 MATLAB Programs 129
5.8 Problems 131
Bibliography 133
6 Combustors and Afterburners 135
6.1 Combustion Chambers 135
6.2 Jet Fuels and Heating Values 137
6.3 Fluid Mixing in the Combustor 141
6.4 Afterburners 149
6.5 Combustor Heat Transfer 152
6.6 Stagnation Pressure Loss in Combustors 153
6.7 Problems 155
Bibliography 157
7 Gas-Turbine Analysis with Efficiency Terms 159
7.1 Introduction 159
7.2 Turbofan Engine Analysis with Efficiency Terms 160
Contents vii
7.2.1 Polytropic Factor 162
7.2.2 Diffuser 164
7.2.3 Compressor and Fan 164
7.2.4 Combustor 165
7.2.5 Turbine Power Balance 165
7.2.6 Nozzle Exit Pressure 165
7.2.7 Output Parameters 166
1
7.3 MATLAB Program 172
7.4 Problems 174
Bibliography 175
8 Basics of Rocket Propulsion 177
8.1 Introduction 177
8.2 Basic Rocketry 182
8.2.1 Specific Impulse 182
8.2.2 Vehicle Acceleration 183
8.2.3 Staging 184
8.2.4 Propulsion and Overall Efficiencies 188
1
8.3 MATLAB Programs 189
8.4 Problems 190
Bibliography 191
9 Rocket Propulsion and Mission Analysis 193
9.1 Introduction 193
9.2 Trajectory Calculations 195
9.3 Rocket Maneuvers 203
9.3.1 Coplanar Orbit Change 205
9.3.2 Hohmann Transfer 206
9.3.3 Plane Change 207
9.3.4 Attitude Adjustments 208
9.4 Missile Pursuit Algorithms and Thrust Requirements 209
9.4.1 Velocity Pursuit 210
9.4.2 Proportional Navigation 211
9.4.3 Command-to-Line-of-Sight (CLOS) 212
9.5 Problems 213
Bibliography 215
10 Chemical Rockets 217
10.1 Rocket Thrust 217
10.1.1 Ideal Rocket Thrust 217
10.1.2 Thrust Coefficient and Characteristic Velocity 218
10.2 Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines 220
10.2.1 Liquid Propellants and Their Chemistry 222
10.2.2 Chemical Equilibrium 225
10.2.3 Liquid Propellants Combustion Chambers 232
10.3 Solid Propellant Combustion 244
viii Contents
10.3.1 Burning Rate Analysis 247
10.4 Rocket Nozzles 252
10.4.1 Thrust Vector Control 254
10.4.2 Nozzle and Combustion Chamber Heat Transfer 254
1
10.5 MATLAB Program 256
10.6 Problems 256
Bibliography 258
11 Non-Chemical Rockets 259
11.1 Electrothermal Devices 261
11.2 Ion Thrusters 265
11.2.1 Ion Generation 266
11.2.2 Acceleration of Ions 271
11.2.3 Electromagnetic Thrusters 275
11.3 Problems 280
Bibliography 282
Appendices 283
Appendix A: Standard Atmospheric Air Properties 283
Appendix B: Specific Heats for Air as a Function of Temperature 286
Appendix C: Normal Shock Properties 287
Appendix D: Oblique Shock Angle Chart 291
Appendix E: Polynomial Coefficients for Specific Heat of Selected Gases 292
Appendix F: Standard state Gibbs free energy (T=298.15K, P=1 atm)
(cid:1)goðTÞ½kj= (cid:2) 293
f kmol
Index 295