Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies : Volume 1: Aerospace Materials

594 Pages·2017·15.89 MB·English

by  N. Eswara Prasad

Indian Institute of Metals Series
N. Eswara Prasad
R. J. H. Wanhill
Editors
Aerospace
Materials
and Material
Technologies
Volume 1:
Aerospace Materials
Metallurgy
Materials Engineering
Indian Institute of Metals Series
Editors-in-chief
Baldev Raj, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
U. Kamachi Mudali, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam,
Tamil Nadu, India
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15453
N. Eswara Prasad R.J.H. Wanhill
(cid:129)
Editors
Aerospace Materials
and Material Technologies
Volume 1: Aerospace Materials
123
Editors
N.EswaraPrasad R.J.H.Wanhill
Defence Materials andStores R&D Emmeloord, Flevoland
Establishment(DMSRDE) TheNetherlands
Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh
India
ISSN 2509-6400 ISSN 2509-6419 (electronic)
Indian Institute of Metals Series
ISBN978-981-10-2133-6 ISBN978-981-10-2134-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2134-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016948239
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2017
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To
our eminent teachers and close associates for
aerospace materials and material
technologies;
and to
our partners and families for their support,
notably during 2014–2016, the years in
which these books were prepared.
N. Eswara Prasad and R.J.H. Wanhill
Foreword by Prof. Dipankar Banerjee
If the world has shrunk rapidly in recent centuries,
thishasbeeninnosmallmeasureduetotheimpactof
materials on aerospace transport. The specific fuel
consumptionofcommercialaircrafthas,forexample,
decreased by an astonishing 70 % using the De
Havilland Comet as baseline. The reliability of their
propulsion systems allows long-haul flights that
encircle the globe, travelling non-stop for 15–20 h.
Wehavemasteredspace,withfootstepsonthemoon
and images and analysis of the Martian terrain. The
international space station has been continuously
occupied since 2000. While it is hard to dissect and
breakdowncontributionsofanyspecificengineeringdisciplinetothesespectacular
achievements, surely materials have played a significant enabling role, whether
fromthe‘fine-tuning’oftraditionalmetallicmaterials,orthedevelopmentofnewer
composites and speciality materials including functional coatings. The integration
of stealth materials into aerospace structures has added an extra dimension to
militaryaerospacevehicles.Theemergenceofseveralhightemperaturemonolithic
and compositeceramic materials based on carbon andsilicon carbidematrices and
reinforcements has resulted in vastly improved material capabilities for high tem-
perature aerospace applications. Several new refractory materials are finding
ultrahightemperatureapplicationsas2000K+materials,especiallyforreusableand
re-entry hypersonic vehicles. Aviation accounts for about 3 % of global energy
consumption, and the growth of energy use by the aviation sector exceeds that of
othertransportationsectors.Aircraftemissions,whicharecurrentlyunregulated,are
about60%intheuppertroposphereand20%inthestratosphere.Theindustrywill
demand further materials-enabled improvements to address these challenges.
It is encouraging that the present volume on aerospace materials for the
two-volume source book series of IIM/Springer Publication provides concise
overviews of all the above. Development, physical metallurgy, processing,
vii
viii ForewordbyProf.DipankarBanerjee
properties and applications of each of nearly 26 categories of aerospace materials
have been covered.
Dr. N. Eswara Prasad has been my close associate and colleague and has
accumulated much experience and expertise with aerospace materials over the last
30years.Iamhappythathehasacceptedthemajorresponsibilityimposedonhim
by the Indian Institute of Metals (IIM), and the architect of its book series
Dr. Baldev Raj, to co-author and co-edit with Dr. R.J.H. Wanhill (an international
expert in the field of aerospace materials and technologies) the contents of these
volumes. I am sure their readers will find them extremely useful, and the
two-volume series will serve as a ready reference for engineering students, prac-
ticing engineers and aerospace structural designers.
Itakethisopportunitytocongratulatealltheauthorsandeditors—Dr.N.Eswara
Prasad, Dr. R.J.H. Wanhill and Dr. Baldev Raj, Editor-in-Chief, and Springer on
the successful completion of this mammoth endeavour. This kind of international
book project also serves as a road map for the future. We are reminded that
materials development and translation into engineering practice is still a long and
arduous task, with significant reliance on trial and error approaches. As a com-
munity we are now engaged in the task of redefining the processes of materials
insertion into engineering products through integration of multiscale modelling,
data analytics and materials informatics, uncertainty quantification and
multi-objective optimisation into thematerials designeffort.Ihopefuturevolumes
in this series will capture also these dramatic advances as the field matures.
Prof. Dipankar Banerjee
FASc, FNA, FNAE, FNASc
Former Director, Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory
Hyderabad, India
Former Chief Controller R&D
(Aeronautics & Materials Science)
DRDO, New Delhi, India
Former President, Indian Institute of Metals (IIM)
Former President, Electron Microscopy Society (EMS) and
Presently Professor, Department of Materials Engineering
Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India
Foreword by Prof. Indranil Manna
Advancements in aerospace systems, materials and
technologies in the last century are both voluminous
and phenomenal. Several countries in both the
developed and developing world have become prin-
cipal players in developing aeronautical materials,
thereby earning the credit for the advancement of
aerospace systems including civil and military air-
craft, helicopters, airborne surveillance systems,
unmanned aerospace vehicles, guided missiles,
supersonic re-entry vehicles and satellites. All these
systems require advanced materials and cutting-edge
material processing technologies. Hence synthesis,
processing, characterisation and testing of materials form the basis for the devel-
opment and realization of aerospace components, sub-systems and systems. It is a
well-recognized fact that aerospace engineering is principally responsible for
developing several critical technologies that include (i) design and development of
advanced materials, components and sub-systems; (ii) aeronautical material speci-
fications and standards for materials and testing; (iii) characterisation and testing
methodologies; and (iv) life estimations and predictions based on fatigue and
fracture mechanics principles. In addition, aerospace engineering has advanced
several other critical technologies such as propulsion, aeroengines, electronics,
communication and guidance.
There are a number of text books and monographs on aerospace materials and
related technologies. As well, several ASTM standards, metals handbooks and
special volumes have compiled scientific and design data on various aerospace
materialsthatareusedbyaerospaceengineersfordesigningstructuresandsystems.
Such efforts have invariably brought out the latest information and also shown
directions for future materials and systems developments. However, supplemental
documentation on recent advances in core domain and interdisciplinary areas is
always needed.
ix
x ForewordbyProf.IndranilManna
In this respect, the present two-volume book set is a carefully thought out
compilation of overview articles on materials (both established and evolving) and
materialtechnologiesthatareimportantforaerospacesystems.Volume1considers
aerospace materials in three Parts. Part I covers Metallic Materials (Mg, Al, Al-Li,
Ti, Aero steels, Ni, Intermetallics, Bronzes and Nb alloys); Part II deals with
Composites (GLARE, PMCs, CMCs and Carbon based CMCs); and Part III con-
siders SpecialMaterials. Thiscompilation hasensuredthatnoimportantaerospace
material system is ignored. Emphasis has been placed in each book chapter on the
underlining scientific principles as well as basic and fundamental mechanisms
leading to processing, characterisation/property evaluation and applications. Each
chapter ends with a bibliography of several reference works, followed by standard
setsofreferencesappearinginthechapter.Aconsiderableamountofmaterialsdata
is compiled and presented in appendices at the end of each volume.
Isincerelywishthatthesevolumeswillserveasreadyandusefulreferencesand
source ofrelevant information for manyaspectsofaerospacematerials,processing
technologies, and component and structural designs.
Prof. Indranil Manna
FTWAS, FNA, FNAE, FASc., FNASc., FIIM, FIE
Professor, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
IIT, Kharagpur, India (On Lien)
Former Director, CSIR—Central Glass and Ceramic
Research Institute (CGCRI), Kolkata India
Vice-President, Indian Institute of Metals
and Indian National Academy of Engineering
Presently, Director, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, India