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HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT 22 ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 18 OPINION 44 Astronaut Tom Jones visits Orion 3D parts on Boeing 787s Lifting the aerospace workforce S O F T T A R G E T S Worried about cybersecurity and aviation? Don’t look up: The biggest problem may be on the ground. PAGE 28 50TH PAGE 10 SEPTEMBER 2018 | A publication of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org FEATURES | September 2018 MORE AT aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org 28 22 36 42 Making Orion Unlocking En route a reality Mercury’s to the sun Soft targets secrets Former astronaut Engineers describe the The aviation industry is realizing the Tom Jones visited The BepiColombo complexity of designing the assembly fl oor at the heat shield on benefi ts of increased connectivity mission includes a Kennedy Space Center in NASA’s Parker Solar probe built to withstand while confronting increased Florida for a close-up. Probe. the planet’s searing vulnerability to cyberattacks. temperatures so that By Tom Jones By Tom Risen instruments can gather By Joshua Hatch data about Mercury’s core. By Adam Hadhazy aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | SEPTEMBER 2018 | 1 Submit Your Nomination Today! Nominate Future A&D Leaders We’re looking for 20 star students who are inspired to change the world. Nominate yours today! The 20 Twenties program recognizes the accomplishments and drive of 20 students in their twenties who are currently enrolled in baccalaureate or master’s degree Science, Technology, Engineering or Math (STEM) programs. Open to students around the globe, 20 Twenties features the best of the best, based on academic performance, public/community involvement, and the value of research and design projects to the individual’s learning. Winners are recognized in March 2019 at the 20 Twenties Awards Luncheon and at Aviation Week’s Laureates Gala in Washington, D.C. Who can nominate? Only deans or faculty members can nominate students who embody the principles Aviation Week Network’s 20 Twenties and are on course to change the face of aerospace and defense industry. Submit your Nomination Today: AviationWeek.com/20TwentiesNomination All submissions must be received by September 30, 2018. Questions? Contact Carole Rickard Hedden at [email protected] In Association With: AEROSPACE IN THIS ISSUE ★ ★ ★ A M E R I C A ★ ★ ★ SEPTEMBER 2018, VOL. 56, NO. 8 Henry Canaday EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Ben Iannotta A former energy economist, Henry has written for Air Transport World, [email protected] Aviation Week and other aviation publications for more than two decades. ASSOCIATE EDITOR PAGE 18 Karen Small [email protected] STAFF REPORTER Tom Risen Adam Hadhazy [email protected] Adam reports on astrophysics and technology. His work has appeared in EDITOR, AIAA BULLETIN Christine Williams Discover and New Scientist magazines. PAGE 36 [email protected] EDITOR EMERITUS Jerry Grey CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Joshua Hatch Henry Canaday, Adam Hadhazy, Joshua Hatch, Tom Jones, Robert van der Linden, Josh is an editor at The Chronicle of Higher Education and was a 2018 Debra Werner, Knight Science Fellow at MIT. Frank H. Winter PAGE 28 John Langford AIAA PRESIDENT Daniel L. Dumbacher PUBLISHER Rodger S. Williams DEPUTY PUBLISHER Tom Jones ADVERTISING Tom fl ew on four space shuttle missions. On his last fl ight, STS-98, he Katie Taplett, 202-904-0782 led three spacewalks to install the American Destiny Laboratory on the [email protected] International Space Station. He has a doctorate in planetary sciences. [email protected] PAGE 22 ART DIRECTION AND DESIGN THOR Design Studio | thor.design Debra Werner MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTION A frequent contributor to Aerospace America, Debra is also a West Coast Association Vision | associationvision.com correspondent for Space News. PAGE 64 LETTERS AND CORRESPONDENCE Ben Iannotta, [email protected] DEPARTMENTS Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X) is published monthly except in August by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., at 12700 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 4 Editor’s Notebook 8 10 200 Reston, VA 20191-5807 [703-264-7500]. Subscription rate is 50% of dues for AIAA members (and is not deductible therefrom). Nonmember subscription price: U.S., $200; 7 Flight Path AeroPuzzler Apollo 11 foreign, $220. Single copies $20 each. Postmaster: Send address changes and subscription orders to Aerospace Test your knowledge Get an early look at the America, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 47 AIAA Bulletin of the early universe events planned to mark at 12700 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA, 20191-5807, the 50th anniversary Attn: A.I.A.A. Customer Service. Periodical postage paid at Reston, Virginia, and at additional mailing 60 Career Opportunities offi ces. Copyright 2018 by the American Institute of 16 Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., all rights reserved. The name Aerospace America is registered by the AIAA 62 Looking Back in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offi ce. Q & A 64 Jeff Babione of Lockheed Martin Skunk Works Trajectories Tamarack Aerospace fl ight group lead aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | SEPTEMBER 2018 | 3 EDITOR’S NOTEBOOK POLICY What Apollo 11 says about our future The run-up to the Apollo 11 50th anniversary has begun, and that has me thinking about the passage of time and the power of culture to shape our future. Looked at one way, humanity needed just eight years to reach the moon, measured from President John F. Kennedy’s speech to Congress in 1961 [See Page 10]. But looked at another way, humanity needed 200,000 years, taking as a starting point the evolution of a brain about the size of ours. What explains the sudden surge of science and engineering breakthroughs capped by the moon landing? In a word: culture. Societies from Asia to Europe and North America grew to value science, technology and facts. In the U.S., we married our love of learning with a determination to protect and spread free- dom and market economics. We welcomed immigrants including a former Nazi rocket scientist named Wernher von Braun. As imperfect as we were, someone at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Virginia had the moxie to let a group of African-American women perform their trajectory math. This was how we met JFK’s challenge and how we went on to win the Cold War against the Soviet Union. The Apollo 11 anniversary will be fun, and I feel blessed to be here to enjoy it. Hopefully the anniversary also will lead to self-refl ection in the U.S. about whether we still have the right stuff to do the things we want to do, or that we might need to do. We’re living on what is essentially a giant but delicate spacecraft, and we’re going to have to do our part to treat it better. We want to out-compete China and Russia; get back to the moon and onto Mars; fi nd out if we are alone in the universe; fl y supersonically, and bop around like the Jetsons. We want to do those things soon, and in some cases, we might have no choice. Can we still work fast? I’m not sure. NASA and the industry achieved the moon landing in fewer years than it took to build and launch the unmanned Parker Solar Probe that’s now headed toward the sun [Page 42]. That’s not to blame the Parker managers. Something similar could be said of just about any government-led space or aviation program. As Jeff Babione of Lockheed Martin Skunk Works notes in this month’s Q and A [Page 16], today’s government acquisition processes are not what they were when Clarence “Kelly” Johnson founded Skunk Works. I’m not sure the private sector is immune either. If we want to do these amazing things, we’ll need faster acquisition; we’ll need the best minds; we’ll need international coalitions and alliances. It’s the culture we choose that will determine the way ahead. The question is whether we will choose wisely. ★ Ben Iannotta, editor-in-chief, [email protected] 4 | SEPTEMBER 2018 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org CORRECTION COVER STORY Even before Russian President Vladimir Putin’s saber rattling this year The June article about high-speed weapons, the U.S. was laying plans “Hypersonic to sharpen its focus on hypersonic weapons, weapons race” motivated mainly by China’s ambitious research and overstated weapons tests. The Trump Pentagon wants to put this the velocity of new focus in place in the hypersonic missiles 2019 budget. Keith Button examines what could be the relative to the next great weapons race. HBY KEITH BUyTTON | [email protected] fastest bullets in the world. Hypersonic weapons are only WEAPONS RA CE marginally faster than those bullets. 20 | JUNE 2018 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | JUNE 2018 | 21 17–21 JUNE 2019 DALLAS, TX CALL FOR PAPERS OPENS 11 SEPTEMBER The AIAA AVIATION Forum is the only global event that covers the entire integrated spectrum of aviation. AIAA is soliciting papers for the 2019 forum in the following technical disciplines: (cid:105) Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing (cid:105) Air Traffic Operations, Management, and Systems (cid:105) Aircraft Design (cid:105) Applied Aerodynamics (cid:105) Computational Fluid Dynamics (cid:105) Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (cid:105) Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing (cid:105) And many more! Submit an abstract starting 11 September 2018. aviation.aiaa.org/CFP aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | SEPTEMBER 2018 | 5 17–19 SEPTEMBER 2018 ORLANDO, FLORIDA JOIN US! The AIAA SPACE Forum convenes the space ecosystem around a single, integrated event to collaborate on opportunities and navigate key challenges affecting the future directions of space. SPEAKERS INCLUDE: James Bridenstine Carissa Christensen Michael Griffin Administrator Chief Executive Officer Under Secretary of Defense, Research NASA Bryce Space and Technology & Engineering U.S. Department of Defense Kathy Lueders Scott Pace Christopher Schulz Program Manager, Executive Secretary Chief Engineer, Commercial Crew Program Hypersonic Programs and National Space Council Technologies, Strategic and NASA Missile Defense Systems Lockheed Martin Space Company FEATURED SESSION TOPICS INCLUDE: › New Directions in Space Exploration › Pioneering Space – Charlie Trimble and the Commercialization of GPS › International Collaboration and Challenges › Cis-Lunar Economy Development › Complex System Evolution – Balancing Technical, Political, and Environmental Factors for Success › Commercial Crew – The Newest Ride to LEO › On-Orbit Servicing – Status and Progress of a › What Does It Take to be the Top Employer in the New Revolutionary Capability Space Age? › Additive Manufacturing to Advance Hypersonics › Small Launch Vehicles Capabilities REGISTER TODAY! space.aiaa.org/register FLIGHT PATH How Do We Prepare for Ever-Increasing Levels of System Complexity? In 2012, I was asked to participate in the inaugural also great examples of how CASE embraces the lessons inherent AIAA Complex Aerospace Systems Exchange, or CASE. in success and failure. That year CASE was held in conjunction with the AIAA Since those early exchanges, we have expanded our program- Space Conference in Pasadena. I recall sitting on ming and have held CASE sessions at many AIAA forums. The CASE the beach on Monterey Bay wondering what I could community has evolved to include both practitioners and theorists. possibly say that would get attendees thinking about system We have a core of energized professionals from industry, govern- complexity and how, as aerospace engineers, to better design, ment, and academia who organize events that attract those who develop, and test and evaluate increasingly complex space research and develop approaches to the engineering of complex and aeronautical systems. systems. We have also hosted workshops and panels on developing I remember seeing these freakishly long blackish tubes with a engineers and the engineering workforce to deal with complexity. bulb on one end that had washed up on the beach. Never having The work of the CASE organizers will be vital to the future given been to Monterey before, I had no idea what they were. Visiting the rapid state of technology convergence in aerospace. the Monterey Bay Aquarium the following day, I learned how kelp However, we have not fully engaged our core target audience. plants were the foundation upon which the entire Monterey Bay We initially sought to attract aerospace chief engineers, program ecosystem is based. It dawned on me that I was amidst one of the managers, and systems engineers who face important system de- most complex and dynamic systems on the planet. Think about velopment challenges. These are your colleagues and co-workers it for a moment — on any given day, the bay is a stable system, who probably don’t see AIAA as the organization that offers them albeit a complex one. Nature has a self-correcting way of dealing practical tools that relate directly to their job responsibilities. Wilson with emergent behavior associated with a complex system that Felder, in preparing for one of the early exchanges, correctly noted would otherwise upheave, and possibly destroy, more fragile that designers, developers, testers, and program managers must be systems, certainly one less robust than Monterey Bay. As a result prepared to react with fl exibility to changing requirements, oppor- my message became that we, engineers, need to be inspired by tunities for design modifi cation, and insertion of new technology bio-mimicry not only in singular design aspects, but in complex into previously designed systems. By concentrating on topics such systems as well. Complex systems need to be as robust as pos- as minimizing cost and schedule overruns, strategies for integra- sible, and designers and developers of those systems need to be tion, test, and verifi cation early in product life cycles, strategies for adaptable to changing conditions, to external variables, and to program management and integrated planning tools, we believe the evolution of the system itself. we are presenting and discussing the most relevant and pressing The inaugural CASE made a big splash, attracting several challenges that engineering organizations face as they deal with hundred participants who spent two days discussing aerospace ever-increasing levels of system complexity. system complexity. One topic covered at the 2012 event was a case As exemplifi ed by Monterey Bay, with its spectacular bio- study of the Air France 447 accident where a highly automated diversity, remaining dynamically connected and balanced for twin-aisle aircraft defi ed attempts, incorrect as it turns out, by the the benefi t of all inhabitants, the engineer of today must be crew to avert disaster. At the second CASE in 2013, we fl ipped the prepared to think through the dynamic connectivity in engi- script and focused on what is still a stunning aerospace success neered complex systems. Many of us know the hardware store story — the successful entry, descent, and landing (EDL) of the jingle “Ace is the Place.” To borrow that jingle, CASE is the place Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover. You’ll recall that — to increase your knowledge and hone your skills necessary to MSL was successfully placed on the surface via the untried sky- succeed in an era of ever-increasing system complexity. Please crane system. Adam Steltzner, the engineer in charge of the MSL invite a colleague who you feel would benefi t from an exchange EDL, attributed the success of that mission to a dedicated team of best practices associated with complex aerospace systems to that was “personally respectful, but intellectually disrespectful.” It the next CASE program. You, your colleague, your organization, struck me that both Air France 447 and MSL show the importance and AIAA will all benefi t. ★ (cid:29) of human–machine interaction and teaming in complex systems, regardless of the phase of the engineering project — design and Thomas B. Irvine development, test and evaluation, or operations. Both studies are Managing Director, Content Development aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org | SEPTEMBER 2018 | 7 Do you have a puzzler to suggest? Email us at [email protected] Time machine When it is launched in 2021, the James Webb FROM THE JULY/AUGUST ISSUE Space Telescope will look back in time at GIANT FRUIT FLY the early universe by collecting light that has been shifted to infrared wavelengths by the We asked whether a fruit fl y as big as a Cessna could fl y. An ideal answer expanding universe. In 250 words or fewer, would have discussed the concept of explain why the following statements are the Reynolds number (the ratio of true or false: Webb could very well detect inertial forces to viscous forces in the fl ow that increases with energy and particles that eventually coalesced scale and impacts fl ow behavior) and also the square-cubed law (as the surface area increases, volume and mass increase at a into the sun, Earth and its 7.6 billion human faster rate). But given our 250-word limit, here is this month’s inhabitants. Scientists could get a glimpse of winner: the stuff that became us. The short answer is “no,” and the simplest explanation is Email your response to: something called the “square-cube law.” A fact of life in our [email protected] three-dimensional world, when the size of an object increases, the volume and mass increase faster than the surface area. A fruit fl y is properly sized for wing area and body mass at a typical length of about a millimeter. A 1975-model Cessna 172 is an inch under ABOUT THE AEROPUZZLER 27 feet long [8.2 meters]. A quick weight estimate for a 27-foot- Your task is to boil down a complex concept into a long fruit fl y, using the proportions shown in the picture and water maximum of 250 words that anyone could understand density as an approximation for the fl y’s biomass, yields a weight (without equations or drawings). Email your response to in the 100,000 pound [45,000 kilograms] range, compared to the [email protected] by midnight Sept. 7 for a chance to Cessna’s 2,300 pound [1,000 kg] gross weight. have it published in the next issue. Include your city or town David Mayhew and a phone number (we won’t publish it). For an early start, AIAA senior member remember that each AeroPuzzler is published online on the Stratford, Oklahoma fi rst of the month at aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org . 8 | SEPTEMBER 2018 | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org

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