Table Of Content

12–14 SEPTEMBER 2017 ORLANDO, FL Register Today! AIAA SPACE Forum combines the best aspects of technical conferences with insights from respected leaders, providing a single, integrated forum for navigating the key challenges and opportunities affecting the future direction of global space Topics: policy, capabilities, planning, • Human Habitation and Development of Space research and development, funding, • Information Systems and Software security, environmental issues, and • Reinventing Space international markets. • Small Satellites • Space and Earth Science • Space Exploration • Space History, Society, and Policy • Space Logistics and Supportability • Space Operations • Space Robotics and Automation • Space Systems • Space Systems Engineering and Space Economics • Space Transportation and Launch Systems LEARN MORE d ate 5_Upd space.aiaa.org 6 4 1 7- 1 FEATURES | June 2017 MORE AT aerospaceamerica.org 12–14 SEPTEMBER 2017 ORLANDO, FL Register Today! AIAA SPACE Forum combines the best aspects of technical conferences with insights from respected leaders, providing a single, integrated forum for navigating the key challenges and opportunities affecting the future direction of global space Topics: policy, capabilities, planning, • Human Habitation and Development of Space research and development, funding, • Information Systems and Software security, environmental issues, and • Reinventing Space international markets. • Small Satellites • Space and Earth Science • Space Exploration 22 32 40 46 • Space History, Society, and Policy Air traffic control Soaring education Selling Mars as • Space Logistics and Supportability Planet B • Space Operations The arguments for Educators are preparing Smarter collision • Space Robotics and Automation and against shifting aerospace engineering Of all the reasons to air traffic control from students for the future • Space Systems avoidance go to Mars, the need the FAA to a private by incorporating some to ensure that our • Space Systems Engineering and Space corporation. surprising teaching species can survive is Economics Why the FAA and the aviation methods. beginning to ring the By Debra Werner • Space Transportation and Launch Systems industry are testing an entirely loudest. By Adam Hadhazy different computing approach By Tom Risen to collision avoidance. By Keith Button LEARN MORE d ate d Up space.aiaa.org 5_ 6 4 7-1 aerospaceamerica.org | JUNE 2017 | 1 1 01-03_June_TOC_v1.indd 1 5/19/17 3:17 PM New Book Titles from AIAA! ADVANCES IN SYSTEMS COMPOSITE MATERIALS ENGINEERING FOR AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES, THIRD by John Hsu and Richard Curran EDITION List Price: $119.95 AIAA Member Price: $89.95 by Alan Baker and Murray Scott List Price: $124.95 AIAA Member Price: $94.95 ASTEROID AND SPACE CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL DEBRIS MANIPULATION UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS by Massimiliano Vasile and Edmondo Minisci by Jay Gundlach List Price: $134.95 List Price: $99.95 AIAA Member Price: $94.95 AIAA Member Price: $74.95 LESSONS LEARNED: A ELEMENTS OF GUIDE TO IMPROVED PROPULSION: AIRCRAFT DESIGN GAS TURBINES AND ROCKETS, SECOND by Leland Nicolai EDITION List Price: $24.95 AIAA Member Price: $19.95 by Jack Mattingly and Keith Boyer List Price: $119.95 AIAA Member Price: $89.95 THE ART OF FLIGHT THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT AND by John Watkinson ITS EFFECTS ON SPACE List Price: $79.95 SYSTEMS, SECOND AIAA Member Price: $62.95 EDITION by Vincent Pisacane List Price: $114.95 AIAA Member Price: $84.95 17-1642 arc.aiaa.org New Book Titles AEROSPACE ★ ★ ★ A M E R I CA ★ ★ ★ JUNE 2017, VOL. 55, NO. 6 IN THIS ISSUE from AIAA! EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Ben Iannotta [email protected] Keith Button ASSOCIATE EDITOR Karen Small Keith has written for C4ISR Journal and Hedge Fund Alert, where he broke news of the 2007 Bear Stearns scandal that kicked off the global credit crisis. ADVANCES IN SYSTEMS COMPOSITE MATERIALS [email protected] PAGE 22 ENGINEERING FOR AIRCRAFT STAFF REPORTER Tom Risen STRUCTURES, THIRD by John Hsu and Richard Curran [email protected] EDITION Debra Werner PRODUCTION EDITOR List Price: $119.95 Greg Wilson A frequent contributor to Aerospace America, Debra is also a West Coast AIAA Member Price: $89.95 by Alan Baker and Murray Scott [email protected] correspondent for Space News. List Price: $124.95 EDITOR, AIAA BULLETIN PAGE 32 Christine Williams AIAA Member Price: $94.95 [email protected] EDITOR EMERITUS Adam Hadhazy ASTEROID AND SPACE CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL Jerry Grey DEBRIS MANIPULATION UNMANNED AIRCRAFT CONTRIBUTING WRITERS A reporter on astrophysics and technology, Adam’s work has appeared in Keith Button, Adam Hadhazy, Discover and New Scientist magazines. SYSTEMS by Massimiliano Vasile and Joe Stumpe, Robert van der Linden, PAGE 40 Edmondo Minisci by Jay Gundlach Debra Werner, Frank H. Winter List Price: $134.95 List Price: $99.95 James “Jim” Maser AIAA PRESIDENT Tom Risen AIAA Member Price: $94.95 AIAA Member Price: $74.95 John Langford AIAA PRESIDENT-ELECT Sandra H. Magnus PUBLISHER As our staff reporter, Tom covers breaking news and writes features. He has Rodger S. Williams DEPUTY PUBLISHER reported for U.S. News & World Report, Slate and Atlantic Media. LESSONS LEARNED: A ELEMENTS OF ADVERTISING PAGE 46 Joan Daly, 703-938-5907 GUIDE TO IMPROVED PROPULSION: [email protected] AIRCRAFT DESIGN GAS TURBINES AND DEPARTMENTS ROCKETS, SECOND ADVERTISING MATERIALS by Leland Nicolai Greg Wilson, [email protected] EDITION List Price: $24.95 AIAA Member Price: $19.95 by Jack Mattingly and ART DIRECTION AND DESIGN TRENDING Keith Boyer THOR Design Studio | thor.design 3-D center joins real, virtual design 8 List Price: $119.95 MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTION AIAA Member Price: $89.95 Association Vision | associationvision.com LETTERS AND CORRESPONDENCE 9 THE ART OF FLIGHT THE SPACE Ben Iannotta, [email protected] TRENDING ENVIRONMENT AND by John Watkinson Aireon: Test flights read loud and clear ITS EFFECTS ON SPACE List Price: $79.95 Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X) is published SYSTEMS, SECOND AIAA Member Price: $62.95 monthly by the American Institute of Aeronautics and EDITION Astronautics, Inc., at 12700 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 200 Reston, VA 20191-5807 [703/264-7500]. Subscription rate is 50% of dues for AIAA members (and is not deductible 4 Editor’s Notebook 10 12 by Vincent Pisacane therefrom). Nonmember subscription price: U.S., $200; foreign, $220. Single copies $20 each. Postmaster: Send List Price: $114.95 address changes and subscription orders to Aerospace 7 From the Corner Office Q & A Engineering AIAA Member Price: $84.95 America, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Author Andy Weir and Notebook at 12700 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA, 20191-5807, Attn: A.I.A.A. Customer Service. Periodical postage 49 AIAA Bulletin “The Martian” Game changer paid at Reston, Virginia, and at additional mailing 17-1642 offices. Copyright 2017 by the American Institute of 62 Looking Back 16 64 Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., all rights reserved. The name Aerospace America is registered by the AIAA in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Case Study Trajectories arc.aiaa.org Protecting turbine blades Blue Origin’s Tim Hinerman aerospaceamerica.org | JUNE 2017 | 3 01-03_June_TOC_v1.indd 3 5/19/17 3:17 PM EDITOR’S NOTEBOOK AIR SAFETY NEW WEBSITE LAUNCHED - aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org We are pleased to announce the launch of our brand new website N atio providing Aerospace America readers n al Park S an easier way to access features, ervice news, AIAA Bulletin, past issues and more. We encourage you to explore the new website, browse the current The unexpected impacts issue and share articles you like via Part of the fuselage from a Lockheed L-1049 social media. passenger plane lies in of collision avoidance the Grand Canyon after it collided with a DC-7 in June 1956. In the U.S. in the 1950s, the skies must have seemed so vast that experts assumed airliners could ADVERTISE avoid collisions provided pilots kept their eyes peeled. This belief was proved deadly wrong in 1956, when two airliners collided over the Grand Canyon, killing 128 people. • Nearly 34,000 Aerospace That piece of history, discussed in our cover story beginning on Page 22, explains a lot about today. Professionals No wonder the FAA insists on a step-by-step approach to allowing drones and larger unmanned aircraft to fly regularly in the national airspace. No wonder the FAA and its partners are determined to • Captains of Industry create versions of collision avoidance software that can handle the anticipated growth in passenger • Heads of Government flights and also the exploding demand for drones. Agencies The FAA has learned from history, but the lessons should extend beyond aviation. The space industry might unwittingly be setting itself up for the equivalent of the Grand Canyon collision. Thousands • Innovators at Research Labs of small satellites are about to be launched into orbit without clear plans for preventing collisions and • Engineering Libraries debris. A devastating wake-up call in orbit would be much harder to clean up afterward. It would be as though the debris from the Grand Canyon collision were circulating over the canyon decades later. Once the wake-up call is heard, the satellites can’t land to have new equipment installed. Contact: The history of collision avoidance in aviation also raises questions about the willingness of humans to place trust in technology. In the case of an airliner collision over Germany in 2002, a problem was Joan Daly compounded when the pilot on one of the planes didn’t follow the advisory sounded by his collision avoidance software. 703.938.5907 Will these kinds of trust issues crop up more often as designers add new levels of artificial intelligence [email protected] and automation to aircraft, or will pilots and the rest of us learn to accept software in control? If I had to guess, I’d say that humans won’t change and that the best automation software will be written in a manner that recognizes that we have trust issues. aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org Ben Iannotta, editor-in-chief, [email protected] 17-1861 4 | JUNE 2017 | aerospaceamerica.org 04-05_June_EditorsNotebook_v1.indd 4 6/26/17 10:06 AM NEW WEBSITE LAUNCHED - aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org We are pleased to announce the launch of our brand new website providing Aerospace America readers an easier way to access features, news, AIAA Bulletin, past issues and more. We encourage you to explore the new website, browse the current issue and share articles you like via social media. ADVERTISE • Nearly 34,000 Aerospace Professionals • Captains of Industry • Heads of Government Agencies • Innovators at Research Labs • Engineering Libraries Contact: Joan Daly 703.938.5907 [email protected] aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org 17-1861 Introducing: The newest source for trusted information at the intersection of aerospace and cybersecurity Protocol: Aerospace Cybersecurity News I n the face of ubiquitous occurrences of “Sophisticated leaders understand that cybersecurity computer hacks and security breaches facing is not just the IT security team’s job and cannot our industry, AIAA has partnered with be bolted on as an afterthought. Every member of renowned cybersecurity expert Richard AIAA has an important role to play as champions Clarke and his advisory firm, Good Harbor within their organizations and industry. I believe Security Risk Management, to develop a monthly AIAA’s incredible membership puts us in a unique newsletter. Protocol will deliver commentary and position to instill cybersecurity across our industry expert analysis on the most relevant cybersecurity and to promote a more secure future for aviation issues in the aerospace industry. and aerospace.” — Richard Clarke, Good Harbor Security Risk Management Use and share Protocol to improve the security of your organization. Sign up today to receive this free monthly e-newsletter: www.aiaa.org/cybersecurity 17-1437 FROM THE CORNER OFFICE Recognizing and Honoring Members is Everyone’s Responsibility Having just finished presiding over my first AIAA Spotlight thriving, and welcoming to all who want to improve the future. Awards Gala, I was reminded that one of the things I enjoy Beyond certificates, lectureships, scholarships, grants, paper most about being AIAA President is presenting awards competition awards, and medals, AIAA also singles out individ- and celebrating our members’ achievements. Each AIAA award uals for membership honors through our Associate Fellows, Fel- and honor that the members of our community earn involves lows, and Honorary Fellows programs. These membership ranks years—sometimes entire careers—of dedication, determination, signal achievement in the aerospace arts and sciences that go and drive. This individual and team research and work leads to beyond ordinary contributions to the field and honor those who the concepts, advancements, and breakthroughs that further have had long and highly contributory careers in our communi- integrate aeronautics and astronautics into the fabric of our ty. These advancements—which are peer nominated and peer global society. Awards recognize the outstanding efforts of our selected—are recognition of a member of professional distinc- members and sometimes those outside our community who tion who has made a difference to the Institute or industry. Each have positively influenced aerospace. And the recognition is advancement in rank is a “badge of honor” that guides those just especially significant because recipients’ peers nominate them; starting out in our community, showing them that the Institute peers who have evaluated their work and found it worthy of will notice and reward their hard work and steadfast devotion to recognition from the community – a lasting testament to the improving the aerospace arts and sciences. They are important individual’s impact on the aerospace arts and sciences. career honors to aspire and work toward. AIAA presents scores of awards each year that recognize the The Institute is always working to improve the Honors and best and brightest achievements across the aerospace enter- Awards Program and we welcome your input and involvement. prise. Our premier awards are presented at the AIAA Aerospace We also owe the dedicated women and men on the selection Spotlight Gala each spring, while the technical excellence committees a debt of gratitude for all the time they spend doing awards are presented at our forums. We also recognize excel- the important work of reviewing nominations—they are a huge lence in education through awards to students and teachers. part of that process. But for the Institute to truly recognize the Student recognition through paper competition awards, schol- best of the best in the aerospace community, WE NEED YOU! arships, and grants encourages the future members and leaders Your active participation in the process is critical to ensuring of our Institute and may help them finish their education or that we identify those who deserve that recognition. All AIAA even get their first job in the industry! There also are awards that members can nominate an individual for an award and for As- allow distinguished lecturers to share their research, contribu- sociate Fellow and Fellow. Honorary Fellows must be nominated tions, and technological insights with AIAA members. by a Fellow or current Honorary Fellow. Each of you knows As Sandy and I discussed in our Executive Report in the AIAA someone who is worthy of having their work honored by the Annual Report, the Institute has a strong and abiding commit- Institute. I challenge you, in the next year, to commit to take the ment to diversity and inclusion in its workforce, its member- time to nominate a colleague, a mentor, a student for an AIAA ship, and the overall industry. Aerospace is best advanced by honor or award. They, and you, will appreciate your efforts. the leadership and contributions of men and women of diverse Taking the time to ensure that those who deserve our praise backgrounds, beliefs, and cultures. To that end, the Institute an- receive it is an important part of strengthening the spirit of the nounced earlier this year that we have established a new annual aerospace community and allows us to celebrate those who are award. Created by the Institute’s Diversity Working Group, the making a difference in it. ★ AIAA Diversity and Inclusion Award will recognize “an individual or group within AIAA who has devoted time and effort and made significant contributions to the advancement of diversity and inclusion within the Institute.” The Institute will present this new honor at our SciTech Forum each January. The award challenges each of us to do more to ensure our community remains diverse, JJiimm MMaasseerr,, AAIIAAAA PPrreessiiddeenntt aerospaceamerica.org | JUNE 2017 | 7 07_June_CornerOffice_v4.indd 7 5/20/17 10:02 PM TRENDING DESIGN 3-D center joins real, virtual design BY JOE STUMPE | [email protected] Now that Dassault Systems, the France-based ees, Christensen said designers have “set an auda- engineering software company, has opened cious goal to make a dramatic reduction” in program its 3D Experience Center in Kansas togeth- lifecycle costs and “you’re going to need process er with Wichita State University and the National guidance and collaboration to do that.” Institute for Aviation Research, clients are expect- Attendees were shown the concept refinement ed to perform ground-breaking design research, lab, where materials can be virtually evaluated for starting with Airbus, which almost simultaneously properties including elasticity, strength and thermal dedicated a new building at the university’s Inno- characteristics. That data will help engineers define vation Campus. the kind of physical models required for efficient Dassault and its partners describe the center as testing, which should save time and money. a place where the virtual and real worlds of the Attendees also visited the 3D CAVE, a high-defi- aerospace industry are combined in a center that nition virtual environment where clients can sim- doubles as an educational facility for WSU. Designs ulate manufacturing processes. “The ultimate goal can be developed in computer simulations and then is prove out the entire mission and system before these can be 3-D printed and tested. you have to build something,” said Jeff Fisher, the Dassault expects to work closely with Airbus, but 3D CAVE manager and a NIAR employee. Once a if all goes as planned, that will just be a start. “The client provides the 3-D design, he says, a simulation university is working on bringing another 30 Airbus- model can be created “by the time you drive here.” es here,” said Michel Tellier, vice president of aero- To make the case, the presenters showed at- Chris Rempe, manager of the Reverse Engineering space and defense for Dassault, speaking to reporters tendees a drone and its gimbal camera mount that Labs at Wichita State before the April opening. The center’s partners showed were made at the center. They explained that the University’s National off the facility to industry executives and journalists. original gimbal was redesigned and 3-D printed to Institute for Aviation The site has six spaces to move clients through reduce the drone’s weight by 200 grams. Research, uses a portable the process of development and production design. The drone was assembled in the center’s coordinate measuring machine to scan an This setup “lets you virtually innovate and then multirobotic additive manufacturing space, where aircraft part to generate to go to another lab [in the center] to physically get six multifunction robots work together on an computer-aided design to where you want to go,” explained Dassault’s assembly line, helping clients envision what a NIAR data. The lab is part of the Brian Christensen. Addressing the industry attend- staffer called the “factory of the future.” ★ 3D Experience Center. W ich ita S tate U n iversity 8 | JUNE 2017 | aerospaceamerica.org 8-9_June_Trending_v1.indd 8 5/22/17 1:23 PM