Aegean Strategies: Studies of Culture and Environment on the European Fringe

335 Pages·1997·46.126 MB·English

by  Nick P. Kardulias (editor), Mark T. Shutes (editor)

Aegean Strategies
Greek Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches
General Editor: Gregory Nagy, Harvard University
On the front cover: A calendar frieze representing the Athenian months, reused
in the Byzantine Church of the Little Metropolis in Athens. The cross is
superimposed, obliterating Taurus ofthe Zodiac. The choice ofthis frieze for
books in Greek Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches reflects this series’
emphasis on the blending of the diverse heritages—Near Eastern, Classical, and
Christian—in the Greek tradition. Drawing by Laurie Kain Hart, based on a
photograph. Recent titles in the series are:
The Seal of Orestes: Self-Reference and Authority in Sophocles’ Electra, Ann G.
Batchelder, College of the Holy Cross
The Shield of Achilles and the Poetics of Ekphrasis, Andrew Sprague Becker,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
The Blinded Eye: Thucydides and the New Written Word, Gregory Crane, Tufts
University
The Wrath of Athena: Gods and Men in the Odyssey, Jenny Strauss Clay,
University of Virginia
Talking Trojan: Speech and Community in the Iliad, Hilary Mackie, Rice
University
Poet and Audience in the Argonautica of Apollonius, Robert V. Albis,
The Hotchkiss School
Theatrical Space and Historical Place in Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus,
Lowell Edmunds, Rutgers University
Choruses of Young Women in Ancient Greece: Their Morphology,
Religious Role, and Social Function, Claude Calame, University of
Lausanne, Switzerland; translated by Derek Collins and Jane Orion
Eurykleia and Her Successors: Female Figures of Authority in Greek Poetics,
Helen Pournara Karydas, Boston Latin School and Harvard University
Speech in Speech: Studies in Incorporated Oratio Recta in Attic Drama and
Oratory, Victor Bers, Yale University
Aegean Strategies: Studies of Culture and Environment on the European
Fringe, P. Nick Kardulias, College of Wooster and Mark T. Shutes,
Youngstown State University
Aegean Strategies
Studies of Culture and Environment on
the European Fringe
P. NICK KARDULIAS AND MARK T. SHUTES
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.
Lanham » Boulder " New York » Oxford
ROWMAN ἃ LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.
Published in the United States of America
by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
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Copyright © 1997 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kardulias, P. Nick.
Aegean strategies : studies of culture and environment on the European fringe / P.
Nick Kardulias and Mark T. Shutes.
p. cm. — (Greek studies)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8476-8656-6 (cloth : alk. paper). — ISBN 0-8476-8657-4 (paper : alk.
paper)
l. Civilization, Aegean. 2. Social archaeology—Aegean Sea Region. 3. Human
ecology—Aegean Sea region. I. Shutes, Mark T., II. Title. III. Series.
DF220.K37 1997
939°. 1—de21 | 97-27316
CIP
ISBN 0-8476-8656-6 (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN 0-8476-8657-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Printed in the United States of America
Θ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
To my brothers, George and John, for their friendship and encouragement over
the years—PNK
To my wife Mary Ellen and my daughter Megan who keep me going, and to my
friend and colleague Thomas Wilson who got me started—MTS

Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables X
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xii
Preface xiii
Map of Greece xx
1. Introduction
P. Nick Kardulias and Mark T. Shutes
I. The Earth Sciences Approach
2. A 21st Century Approach to the Reconnaissance and
Reconstruction of Archaeological Landscapes 9
Eberhard Zangger, Horst Leiermann,
Wolfgang Noack, and Falko Kuhnke
Five Thousand Years of Land Use and Abuse in the
Southern Argolid, Greece 33
Tjeerd H. van Andel, Curtis N. Runnels, and Kevin O. Pope
II. The Role of Archaeology:Understanding Past Human Interaction with
the Environment
4. The Cretan Environment: Abused or Just Misunderstood? 61
Jennifer A. Moody
Landscape Archaeology of Medieval and Pre-Modern
Greece: The Case of Nemea 79
Effie F. Athanassopoulos
Reconstructing Medieval Site Locations in the Korinthia,
Greece 107
P. Nick Kardulias
III. Ethnographic Studies: Landscapes and Modern Culture
T. Greek Sheep, Albanian Shepherds: Hidden Economies
in the European Community 123
Claudia Chang
Vill
8. Yours, Mine and Ours: Private and Public Pasture
in Greece 141
HaroldA . Koster
9. A “Waste” of Resources: Aspects of Landscape
Exploitation in Lowland Greek Agriculture 187
Hamish Forbes
10. Wild Herbs in the Marketplace: Gathering in Response
to Market Demand 215
Mari H. Clark
11. Working Things Out: On Examining the Relationships
Between Agricultural Practice and Social Rules in Ancient
Korinthos 237
Mark T. Shutes
12, Finding Meaning in Modifications of the Environment:
the Fields and Orchards of Mani 259
Peter S. Allen
13. Agrarian Ecology in the Greek Islands: Time Stress,
Scale and Risk 271
Paul Halstead and Glynis Jones
IV. Overview
14. Common Ground and Common Good: Four-Field
Anthropology along the Margins of Europe 295
Susan Parman
15. Final Remarks 301
Mark T. Shutes and P. Nick Kardulias
Index 305
About the Contributors all
IX
List of Figures
Figure 1.1. Map of Greece XXil
Figure 2.1. Map of the plain of Troy. 15
Figure 2.2. Schematic diagram showing relationships of various
disciplines. 20
Figure 2.3. Image of the region around Troy produced by ERS-1. 21
Figure 2.4. Flow diagram of twofold approach for geophysical 25
investigation of archaeological sites.
Figure 3.1. The Southern Argolid in the Peloponnese. 34
Figure 3.2. Areas surveyed during the Argolid Exploration Project. 36
Figure 3.3. Areas covered with Holocene alluvium. 37
Figure 3.4. Sequence of late Quaternary alluvial deposits and intervening
soils with approximate dates. 39
Figure 3.5. Soil formation in a semiarid climate. 40
Figure 3.6. Diagram of destabilization of slopes by climate change. 42
Figure 3.7. Early through Late Neolithic sites in the southern Argolid. 43
Figure 3.8. Distribution of Early Helladic I and II sites. 44
Figure 3.9. Sparse Middle Helladic sites. 45
Figure 3.10. Classical and Classical/Hellenistic sites. 48
Figure 3.11. Hellenistic and Early and Middle Roman period sites. 49
Figure 3.12. Late Roman site distribution. 51
Figure 3.13. Middle Byzantine/Frankish resettlement. 52
Figure 3.14. The Kranidi alluvium. 53
Figure 3.15. Summary of erosion and alluviation events. 55
Figure 4.1. Map of Crete. 62
Figure 4.2. Washed out bridge, Istron River, September 1986. 63
Figure 4.3. Major erosional damage to a road at Aphendi Christos,
September 1986 64
Figure 4.4. Eroded bulldozed terraces, Xeropotamos drainage, September
1986. 65
Figure 5.1. Distribution of sites found by NVAP. 89
Figure 6.1. Results of GIS analysis of Korinthia. 119
Figure 10.1. A village woman cuts oregano at edge of mountain field. 220
Figure 10.2. A village woman carrying freshly harvested rigani. 222
Figure 10.3. A smallholder farmer sells rigani and other produce. 225
x
List of Tables
Table 6.1. Summary of modern land use data for the Korinthia. 112
Table 6.2. Land evaluation data for Frankish sites in the Korinthia. 116-117
Table 8.1. Distribution of area by land use in Greece in thousands of
stremmata. 143