Advisory Work in Crop Pest and Disease Management PDF
Preview Advisory Work in Crop Pest and Disease Management
CROP PROTECTION MONOGRAPHS Editor-in-Chief J. Kranz, GieSen, Fed. Rep. of Germany Editorial Board K. H. Biichel, Leverkusen, Fed. Rep. of Germany R. E. Frisbie, College Station, TX, USA J. Palti, Tel Aviv, Israel R. L. Zimdahl, Fort Collins, CO, USA CROP PROTECTION MONOGRAPHS Already published volumes Advisory Work in Crop Pest and Disease Management Edited by 1. Palti and R. Ausher Further volumes in preparation H. Waibel The Economics of Integrated Pest Control in Irrigated Rice D.P. Singh Breeding for Resistance to Diseases and Insect Pests I. Wahl and G. Fischbeck Role of Wild Relatives in Control of Crop Diseases, Development of Their Epidemics, and Evolution of Pathogens Advisory Work in Crop Pest and Disease Management Edited by 1. Palti and R. Ausher With Contributions by Z. Arenstein . R. Ausher . W. Beicht . B. D. Blair C. H. Blazquez . A. Dinoor . I. Dishon' G. Edelbaum Y. Elkana . 1. Eshel . 1. T. Fletcher . H. Frankel R. E. Frisbie . A. Genizi . 1. Golan . K. Hanuss R. Hochberg· G. M. McWhorter' 1. Palti . y'Sachs 1.1. Thomason' N. C. Toscano With 53 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo Dr. JOSEF PALTI Agricultural Research Organization The Volcani Center P.O. Box 6 Bet Dagan 50250, Israel Dr. REUBEN AUSHER Extension Service Ministry of Agriculture P. O. Box 7054 Tel Aviv 61070, Israel ISBN-13 : 978-3-540-16242-1 e-ISBN-13 : 978-3-642-70992-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-70992-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Main entry under title: Advisory work in crop pest and disease management. (Crop protection monographs). Bibliography: p. in cludes index. I. Plants, Protection of. 2. Plant parasites - Control. 3. Micro-organisms, Phyto pathogenic - Control. 4. Agricultural extension work. I. Palti,1. II. Ausher, R., 1936-. II. Arenstein, Z. IV. Series. SB950.A36 1986 632 85-23241. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the mate rial is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broad casting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law, where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to 'Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort', Munich. © by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1986 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the ab sence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. 2131/3130-54321 0 Preface Advisory work, by its very nature, is an intermediary between the re search worker and those who apply the results of his research. The challenge of advisory work is to devise means of and find pathways for transmitting research results to the user, overcome the reluctance of the latter to change, and often combine novel ideas with well-estab lished traditions. Nowhere is this challenge greater than in farming. This is especially true in developing countries, where the gap in the educational level between research workers and farmers may be ex tremely wide. Moreover, village-level advisers are often overburdened with non-professional functions and are not sufficiently backed up by well-trained professional advisers. Thus, in many of these countries there is a serious discrepancy between the knowledge available and that needed and actually applied on the farm. Advisory work in crop protection is no exception, but profits to some extent from two facts: (1) because of the potentially catastrophic nature of pest attack, governments often operate a supervisory crop protection service, the staff of which may be able to dispense some pest control advice; and (2) the staff of pesticide distributors tends to fill, at least in part, the need for advice on how to fight pests and dis eases with chemicals. In recent years improvements in crop protection advice in many countries have taken place, not least due to the emphasis placed on this work by international agencies. A concerted effort is being made to generate up-to-date knowhow and disseminate it efficiently. In this book it has not been possible to cover the entire range of crop protection advice. Weed control has not been included, and im portant pests such as rodents and birds are not dealt with. Pests and diseases of forests are not covered. In order to keep the book within its limits, we have refrained from discussing general aspects of advisory work, such as mass communication, advice on decision-making in gen eral, and have concentrated on aspects that have a bearing on crop protection advice. One difficulty to be overcome when writing about agricultural ad visory work in English, is that of terminology. In Britain, and in most countries in which Ministries of Agriculture have been set up on the British model, the staff instructing farmers are called advisers. But in most of the United States farm advice has first developed as a service VI Preface extended to the farmer by local universities; it has therefore been termed extension work, and this term has also been adopted by many international agencies. In this book we have opted for the designation of the work described as "advisory work", except for the chapters con tributed by colleagues from the U.S.A. We also prefer the spelling "advisers" to the American "advisors". The term "specialist" also requires precise definition. We think it should best be used in a restricted sense. Thus advisers for the whole farm or for groups of crops are here referred to as crop advisers, and the term specialist is reserved for advisers whose work is limited to one or a few crops only, e.g., cotton specialists. Similarly, in crop pro tection work, the adviser covering many aspects will be referred to as crop protection adviser, and the adviser specialized by pest control discipline as advisory phytopathologist, entomologist etc. The designation "subject matter specialist" is commonly used, es pecially in developing countries, in referring to advisers on certain crops or on more narrowly circumscribed crop protection problems. With their deepening knowledge on particular subjects, these special ists serve to back up field advisers who have to deal with a wide range of cropping problems. The term "subject matter specialist" has here been retained in describing advisory work in the developing economy of Thailand (Chap. 3.7). Crop protection advisers are a decidedly heterogeneous group, ranging from academically trained staff, who keep up with current literature and have access to libraries and auxiliary services, to farmers with plenty of experience, but little formal training and limited oppor tunity to keep up with new developments. We have therefore en deavoured to take into consideration those of our readers who are not too familiar with recent literature and innovations. This has caused certain differences in the professional level at which some of the sub jects are presented. Thus the chapters on diagnosis cannot give more than a rapid overview of this crucial aspect of crop protection advice, and the chapter on prognosis is limited to the review of some relevant examples. Somewhat more detailed descriptions are given of the con cepts of thresholds and of sampling, as applied to crop protection, and the thorny subject of pesticide application is treated at some length. Emphasis has throughout been laid on practical application of the scientific principles involved. The chapters describing advisory work in pest and disease manage ment in various countries present examples of the scope and organi zation of this work, the concepts involved and their translation into practice. A full account of the present advisory set-up is provided for England and Wales, for the Federal Republic of Germany, for Cali fornia, and for Israel. Other authors have focused on particular as pects, such as the organization of Integrated Pest Management in Texas, and the dissemination of advice in the Midwest of the U.S.A. Finally, the chapter on Thailand aims to show hQW the so-called Preface VII "Training and Visit" approach to extension work is being used to de velop a crop protection advisory service in developing countries. Latin names of pests and pathogens appear in the text without au thors' names, but the latter are given in the Index of Pests, Pathogens and Beneficial Organisms at the end of the book. The Editors Acknowledgements The editors wish to thank Prof. J. Kranz, Tropeninstitut der Justus Liebig Universitat, GieBen, for his helpful comments, and to the late Y. Teich for his advice on entomological aspects. Many colleagues in the Extension Service of the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture have given us the benefit of their expert advice, and among them we thank most particularly Mr. H. Shoham and Mr. S. Moeller. Dr. Q. Argaman, De partment of Plant Protection, has been most helpful in checking the taxonomic designations of the pests mentioned. Contents Part 1 Advisory Work in Pest and Disease Management in the General Framework of Agricultural Production 1.1 The Place of Pest and Disease Management in the Agricultural Economy, and Its Legal Framework J. PALTI and R. AUSHER . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 Communal, Risk, and Emergency Aspects of Crop Pest and Disease Control 3 1.1.1.1 Risk 3 1.1.1.2 Emergency 3 1.1.2 The Legal Framework for Pest and Disease Control and for the Adviser's Work . . . . . . . 4 1.1.2.1 Importance of the Legal Framework 4 1.1.2.2 Aspects to Be Covered by Law 4 1.1.2.3 Legal Aspects and the Adviser's Work 5 1.2 Crop Protection Advice: Its Place in the General Scheme of Farming and of Farm Advice. Y. ELKANA, J. PALTI, and R. AUSHER .............. . 7 1.2.1 Overall Phytosanitary Management - the Basic Aim of Crop Protection Advice . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.2 A Crop Worth Protecting Is the Prerequisite for Crop Protection ......... . 8 1.2.3 Aspects Particular to Advisory Work in Pest and Disease Control ...... . 9 1.2.3.1 Multi-Crop and Multi-Annual Aspects 9 1.2.3.2 Urgency of Advice ....... . 9 1.2.4 Integration of General Cropping and Pest Control Advice 10 1.2.4.1 Risk of Crop Loss ............ . 10 1.2.4.2 Availability and Proficiency of Advisory Personnel 10 1.2.4.3 Farmers' Educational Level ...... . II 1.2.4.4 Availability of Auxiliary Services ... . II 1.2.5 The Target Groups for Advisory Work in Pest and Disease Control ......... . 11 X Contents 1.2.6 Organizational Concepts for Integrating Cropping and Crop Protection Advice ........ . 12 1.2.7 A Brief Look at the Range and Limitations of Advice by Public Agencies and by Pesticide Distributors 13 1.3 Basic Knowledge and Current Information for the Crop Protection Adviser. J. PALTI 15 1.3.1 Basic Knowledge ..... . 15 1.3.1.1 The Crop in Health .... . 15 1.3.1.2 Innate Destructiveness of Pests and Pathogens 15 1.3.2 Current Information for the Adviser 16 1.3.2.1 Potential Crop Value and Current Prices of Produce 16 1.3.2.2 Pesticide Registration and Compatibility 16 1.3.2.3 Health Risks and Antidotes 17 1.3.2.4 Weather Data 17 1.4 Farmers' Perceptions of Pest and Disease Control. J. PALTI 19 Part 2 Advice for Pest and Disease Control: Tasks and Tools 2.1 The Range of Crop Protection Advice Is Extremely Wide J. PALTI .................. . 23 2.2 Detection and Diagnosis of Crop Disorders and of Pest and Disease Occurrence .......... . 25 2.2.1 Nonparasitic Disorders in Field and Orchard Crops Z. ARENSTEIN, J. GOLAN, and J. PALTI 25 2.2.1.1 Stress and Injury . . . . . . . . . 25 2.2.1.2 Patterns of Symptom Distribution 25 Spatial Distribution - Distribution over Plant Species - Diagnosis of Air Pollution Symptoms 2.2.1.3 Recognition of Some Common Symptoms of Nonparasitic Disorders in Field Crops .............. 28 2.2.1.4 Recognition of Some Nonparasitic Disorders in Fruit Crops 30 Disorders Due to Weather Factors - Nutrient and Water-Related Disorders - Incompatibility of Rootstock and Scion 2.2.2 First Steps in the Detection and Diagnosis of Pest and Pathogen Trouble. Z. ARENSTEIN, J. GOLAN, and J. PALTI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.2.2.1 Symptoms Caused by Pests and Pathogens on the Host as a Whole or on Major Parts of the Host ..... 33 2.2.2.2 Common Symptoms of Pests and Pathogens Affecting Single Organs of the Shoot .......... . 35 Spots on Leaves and Fruits - Holes and Tunnels - Dry and Soft Rots - Crinkling or Curling of Leaves Contents XI 2.2.2.3 Pest and Pathogen Symptoms Common on Field and Vegetable Crops .......... . 36 Pre-and Post-emergence Afflictions - "Heart Trouble" - The Host as a Whole Is Affected - Individual Organs Are Affected 2.2.2.4 Pest and Pathogen Symptoms Common on Orchard Crops 38 The Tree as a Whole Is Affected - Individual Organs Are Affected 2.2.2.5 Diagnosis of Combined Stress and Pest or Pathogen Afflictions ................ . 39 2.2.2.6 A Look into the Future: Computer-Based Disease Diagnosis 40 2.2.3 The Disease Identification Service or Plant Clinic I. DISHON and 1. PALTI .......... . 41 2.2.3.1 Function and Scope of the Disease Identification Service 41 2.2.3.2 What Crop Afflictions Most Frequently Require Identification by the Plant Clinic? ......... . 42 2.2.3.3 How Can the Adviser Derive Full Benefit from the Clinic? 43 2.3 Crop Value, Economic Damage Thresholds, and Treatment Thresholds. 1. PALTI and R. AUSHER 45 2.3.1 Factors Affecting the Level of Yield Reduction and the Economic Damage Threshold ...... . 45 2.3.2 Damage or Yield Reduction Amenable to Mitigation or Prevention ............... . 46 2.3.3 Prognosis of Preventable Yield Reduction ... . 48 2.3.4 Crop Factors Affecting Determination of Treatment Thresholds ................ . 48 2.3.5 Economic Factors in the Determination of Treatment Thresholds ................ . 49 Growing Expenses Already Incurred - Sampling Expenses - Harvesting and Marketing Expenses - Direct and Indirect Cost of Treatment - Market Price of Produce 2.3.6 Constraints Affecting Determination of Treatment Thresholds 50 2.3.7 Use of Computers to Define Treatment Thresholds 51 2.3.8 Procedures for Defining Treatment Thresholds 51 2.3.9 Treatment Thresholds for Peasant Farmers 54 2.3.10 Where Treatment Thresholds Are Not Considered Prophylactic Application of Pesticides 55 2.4 Pest and Disease Monitoring and Management 57 2.4.1 Sampling for Crop Pest and Disease Monitoring and Control 57 2.4.1.1 Sampling of Crops for the Determination of Pest Populations and Treatment Thresholds. A. GENIZI . . . . . . . . . 57 Pest and Pathogen Behaviour as Related to Sampling - Spatial and Statistical Distribution Patterns - Size of Reference Plots - Allocation of Sampling Points in the Reference Plot - The Number and Size of Samples - Sequential Sampling - Successive Sampling - Weighting or Calibration - Drawing Up a Plan for Threshold Sampling
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