Adventures in the Human Spirit

465 Pages·2013·93.588 MB·English

by  Philip E. Bishop

ADVENTURES
IN THE
HUMAN SPIRIT

Seventh Edition
ADVENTURES
IN THE
HUMAN SPIRIT
Philip E. Bishop
Revising author Margaret Manos
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bishop, Philip E.
Adventures in the human spirit. -- 7th ed. / Philip E. Bishop ; revising author, Margaret Manos.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-205-88147-5 (pbk.) -- ISBN 0-205-88147-5 (pbk.)
1. Civilization, Western--History--Textbooks. 2. Humanities--History--Textbooks. I. Manos, Margaret J.
II. Title.
CB245.B57 2013
909’.09821--dc23
2012027458
Student Edition:
ISBN-10: 0-205-88147-5
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-88147-5
Instructor’s Review Copy:
ISBN-10: 0-205-88254-4
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-88254-0
Books à la Carte:
ISBN-10: 0-205-88158-0
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-88158-1
Contents
Preface 11 3 ANCIENT GREECE 46
Early Greece 48
The Aegean World 48
1 AN INVITATION TO ADVENTURE 14
Early Greek Poetry 50
Creating a Sense of Self 16 Religion and Philosophy in Early Greece 51
Tradition: Nurturing the Creative Spirit 16 Art in Early Greece 53
Modes of Expression and Reflection 16
The Classical Period 55
The Visual Arts 17 Athens in its Golden Age 55
The Pictorial Arts 17 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Plague of Athens 55
Sculpture: The Art of Shaping 18
Classical Greek Art 56
Architecture 20
The Athenian Acropolis 56
The Performing Arts 21 Classical Sculpture 59
Music 21 KEY CONCEPT: The Classical Ideal 62
Dance 22
Greek Theater and Music 63
Theater 24
Greek Tragedy 63
Opera 24
Greek Comedy 65
The Literary Arts 25 Greek Music and Dance 65
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The First Humans 26
Classical Greek Philosophy 66
An Invitation to the Adventure 28 The Sophists and Socrates 67
Plato 67
Chapter Review 29
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Confucius and Philosophy 68
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 17, 22, 25 Aristotle 69
THE WRITE IDEA 25
The Hellenistic Age 69
The Hellenistic Legacy 69
2 THE ANCIENT WORLD 30 Chapter Review 73
Mesopotamia 32 CRITICAL QUESTION 62, 68
The Sumerians 32 THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 51, 63
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Megaliths 32 THE WRITE IDEA 51, 64
Empires of the Near East 35
4 ANCIENT ROME 74
Ancient Egypt 36
Egypt: Religion and Society 36 The Drama of Roman History 76
The Arts of Egypt 37 The Rise of Republican Rome 77
WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Death at an Egyptian KEY CONCEPT: Imperialism 78
Banquet 38 Imperial Rome 79
Ancient Asia 39
The Art of an Empire 80
The Indus Valley 39
Sculpture as Propaganda 80
Bronze Age China 40
The Forum of Trajan 81
Ancient America 42 KEY CONCEPT: The World Citizen 84
KEY CONCEPT: Myth 43 The Romans as Builders 85
Chapter Review 45
Roman Art and Daily Life 89
Roman Daily Life 89
WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: A Marriage Contract of the 6 THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 134
Roman Era 90
The Age of Charlemagne 136
Roman Theater and Music 93
Northern Edge of the Early Middle Ages 136
The Romans as Poets and Thinkers 95 Charlemagne’s Empire 137
Early Roman Poets 95 Carolingian Arts 137
Roman Epic and Satire 96
Feudal Europe 140
Philosophy in the Roman World 97
Feudalism 140
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Rise of Buddhism 98
WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Work in Charlemagne’s
Rome’s Division and Decline 100
World 140
Chapter Review 101 The Arts of Feudalism 141
The Bayeux Tapestry 143
CRITICAL QUESTION 79, 84, 99
The Flowering of Muslim Spain 143
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 91, 96
Monasticism 144
The Monastic Ideal 144
5 MONOTHEISM: JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Blood of Maya Kings 146
ISLAM 102 Hrotsvit and the Classical Tradition 147
The Judaic Tradition 104 The Romanesque Style 147
History and the Israelites 104 Imperial Revival and the Romanesque Style 147
The Hebrew Bible 105 The Romanesque Church: Monks and Pilgrims 150
KEY CONCEPT: Monotheism 107 Romanesque Sculpture 152
Job and the Trials of Israel 108 KEY CONCEPT: Pilgrimage 153
The Rise of Christianity 109 Early Medieval Music and Drama 154
Jesus of Nazareth 109 Musical Notation 154
The Growth of Christianity 110 Hildegard of Bingen: Musical Mystic 155
Christianity in the Late Roman Empire 111 Drama in the Medieval Church 156
WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Siege of Jerusalem 112 KEY CONCEPT: Mysticism 157
Philosophy: Classical and Christian 114 The Medieval Philosopher 158
From Classical to Christian 114 Early Medieval Philosophy 158
Augustine of Hippo 115 Abelard 158
KEY CONCEPT: Original Sin and Human Nature 116 The Medieval Spirit and the First Crusade 160
The Christian Empires: Rome and Byzantium 117 Chapter Review 161
St. Peter’s and the Pope 118
CRITICAL QUESTION 157
Justinian and the Byzantine World 118
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 143, 147, 153, 160
Ravenna: Showcase of the Christian Arts 122
Christianity and the Arts 126
Early Christian Music 126 7 THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 162
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Teotihuacán: Sacred City of
The Gothic Awakening 164
Mesoamerica 127
The Crusades and the Decline of Feudalism 164
Christianity Against the Arts 128
The Rise of Towns and Cities 165
The Rise of Islam 128
The Gothic Style 166
The Foundations of Islam 129
The Gothic Style and Divine Light 166
Islamic Arts and Science 131
The Cathedral at Chartres 168
Chapter Review 133 Gothic Sculpture 170
CRITICAL QUESTION 107, 112, 116 Music and Theater in the Gothic Age 172
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 108, 133 The Evolution of Organum 173
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Buddhism in Asia 174 Chapter Review 221
Gothic Theater: From Church to Town 175
CRITICAL QUESTION 193, 212
The New Learning 177 THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 195, 206, 208, 218
The Universities 177
KEY CONCEPT: Scholasticism 178
Thomas Aquinas 178 9 REFORMATION AND LATE RENAISSANCE
222
Court and City in the Late Middle Ages 179
Courtly Love and Medieval Romance 179 The Reformation 224
KEY CONCEPT: Chivalry 181 Luther’s Challenge 224
Music in the Late Middle Ages 182 The Appeal of the Reformation 225
Dante’s Divine Comedy 182 Calvinism 226
Chaucer’s Canterbury Pilgrims 184
The Rise of Northern Europe 226
WINDOWSONDAILYLIFE: The Plague and Prosperity 184 Kings, Commerce, and Columbus 226
The Late Gothic 184 KEY CONCEPT: The Protestant Ethic: God, Work, and
Reclaiming the Classical Past 185 Wealth 227
Giotto and the International Gothic 186 The Northern Renaissance Courts 228
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Ottoman Empire 232
Chapter Review 189
Art and Humanism in Northern Europe 233
CRITICAL QUESTION 181 Faith and Humanism in Northern Art 233
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 177. 182 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: A Midwife’s Advice 233
Erasmus and Humanism 239
Utopians and Skeptics 241
8 THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY 190
The Elizabethan Age 241
The Renaissance Spirit in Italy 192
The Reformation in England 241
The Italian City-States 192
KEY CONCEPT: Skepticism 242
KEY CONCEPT: Renaissance Humanism 193 Theater in the Elizabethan Age 242
Patronage of the Arts and Learning 194
The Genius of Shakespeare 244
WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Violence of Renaissance Elizabethan Music 245
Youth 196
The Late Renaissance in Italy and Spain 246
The Arts in Early Renaissance Italy 196
Palestrina and the Counter-Reformation 246
Florence 1401: a Renaissance Begins 196
Renaissance Theater in Italy 247
Brunelleschi’s Dome 199
The Renaissance in Venice 249
Florentine Painting: A Refined Classicism 200
Late Renaissance Painting and Mannerism 251
Italian Renaissance Music 202
KEY CONCEPT: The Science of Perspective 202 Chapter Review 257
Early Renaissance Sculpture 205
CRITICAL QUESTION 242
The Decline of Florence 207
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 224, 226, 241, 245
Renaissance Genius 207 THE WRITE IDEA 227
Machiavelli and Humanist Politics 207
Leonardo da Vinci 208
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Great Zimbabwe 209 10 THE BAROQUE 258
The High Renaissance in Rome 211 The Baroque in Italy 260
Josquin des Préz 211 Bernini and Counter-Reformation Rome 260
KEYCONCEPT: The Renaissance Man … and Woman 212 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Taj Mahal 263
Raphael 213 Italian Baroque Painting 264
Michelangelo in Rome 215 The Birth of Opera 264
The New St. Peter’s 218
The Baroque in Spain 268 Neoclassical Painting 312
Spanish Baroque Architecture 268 KEY CONCEPT: Neoclassicism 313
KEY CONCEPT: Absolutism 268
The Age of Satire 314
Velázquez and Cervantes—Masters of Illusion 269
Swift 315
The Baroque In France 272 WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Women Gladiators 316
The Palace of Versailles 273 Satire and Society in Art 316
Theater and Dance at Versailles 274 Voltaire 316
Painting in Baroque France 276
Chapter Review 319
The Protestant Baroque 278
CRITICAL QUESTION 304
J. S. Bach—Baroque Genius 278
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 316
Bach’sWell-tempered Clavier 279
THE WRITE IDEA 318
Rembrandt and Dutch Baroque Painting 280
The New Science 284
KEY CONCEPT: Empiricism 285 12 REVOLUTION AND ROMANTICISM 320
Tools of the New Science 285
Revolutions and Rights 322
Descartes and Newton 286
The Revolutionary Wave—1776 and 1789 322
The English Compromise 286 The Napoleonic Era 324
English Baroque Poetry 287 KEY CONCEPT: Freedom 327
Christopher Wren’s London 288 The Industrial Revolution 327
WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: The Fire of London 289 Revolution and Philosophy 328
Handel and Music in England 289
The Romantic Hero 329
Politics and Philosophy in England 289
Faust and the Romantics 329
Chapter Review 291 Delacroix and the Byronic Hero 331
CRITICAL QUESTION 268 Music and Dance in the Romantic Age 333
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 277, 284 Beethoven: From Classical to Romantic 333
Age of the Virtuoso 333
Berlioz’sSymphonie fantastique 334
11 THE ENLIGHTENMENT 292
Elements of Romanticism 335
The Rococo Style 294 Romantic Social Protest 335
The Rococo in France 294 The Romantics and Nature 337
The Rococo in Germany and Britain 299 KEY CONCEPT: Imagination 337
Romantic Escapes 341
The Enlightenment 301
WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: Native Storytellers 342
ThePhilosophes 301
Evil and the Gothic Novel 343
Enlightenment and Freedom 303
KEY CONCEPT: Enlightenment 304 Chapter Review 345
The Bourgeois Response 304 CRITICAL QUESTION 327
The Bourgeois Style in Painting 305 THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 323, 330
The Rise of the Novel 306
The Bourgeois Theater in Germany 307
13 THE INDUSTRIAL AGE 346
Music in the Age of Enlightenment 307
Mozart and Opera 307 Materialism and Progress 348
The Classical Symphony 308 The Victorians 348
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Kabuki Theater 309 Realism in Pictorial Art 350
The Realist Novel 354
The Neoclassical Style 310
The Modern City 355
Neoclassical Architecture 310
Music and Modernity 358 The American Scene 407
Verdi’s Operas 358 The Age of Jazz 408
Wagner’s Musical Revolution 359 World War and Holocaust 410
KEY CONCEPT: Modernity 360
Chapter Review 411
Late Romantic Music and Dance 362
CRITICAL QUESTION 397
Late Romantics and Early Moderns 362
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 385, 405
WINDOWS ON DAILY LIFE: A Musical Career 362
Symbolism and Art Nouveau 363
Debussy and Rodin—the Break with Tradition 364
15 THE CONTEMPORARY SPIRIT 412
Impressionism 367
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Japanese Color Print 369 The Age of Anxiety 414
Beyond Impressionism 371 Post-war America 414
KEY CONCEPT: Existentialism 415
The Dark Side of Progress 375
Exploring the Absurd 416
The Realist Theater 376
The Theater of the Absurd 416
The Novel and Modern Philosophy 376
The Existential Hero 417
KEY CONCEPT: Human Will 377
Art and Architecture in Postwar America 417
Chapter Review 379
The New York School 417
CRITICAL QUESTION 361 Modern Architecture in Postwar America 418
THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 379 American Sculpture in the Postwar Era 421
Black Mountain College and the Avant-garde 423
The Sixties 424
14 MODERNISM 380
GLOBALPERSPECTIVE: Gandhi and Colonial Liberation 425
A Turbulent Century 382 Visual Arts 426
A New Science 382 Modern Music 427
The Great War 383
The Postmodern 428
Fascism and the Rise of Mass Society 384
Postmodern Architecture 429
Modernism in Art 385 Postmodern Music 430
WINDOWSONDAILYLIFE: War, Fashion, and Feminism 385 The New Fiction 430
Picasso and the Revolution in Art 385 WINDOWSONDAILYLIFE: Living and Dying With AIDS 432
KEY CONCEPT: Primitivism 388 The Art of Pluralism 432
Toward Formal Abstraction 389
Global Awareness 434
Expressionism and Dada 391
Liberated Voices 435
The Modern Mind 394 A New Century: Promise and Challenge 438
Freud and Surrealism 394
Chapter Review 442
Modernism in Literature 397
KEY CONCEPT: The Unconscious 397 Epilogue 443
Modernist Music and Architecture 398 THOUGHT EXPERIMENT 415, 431
Stravinsky and Schoenberg—the New Music 399 THE WRITE IDEA 438
Modernist Building and Design 400
Notes 444
Art and Politics 402
Glossary 447
Brecht’s Epic Theater 402
Further Reading 452
Painting and Politics 403
Picture Credits 454
Politics and the Cinema 404
Index 456
In the American Grain 405
Regionalism and Renaissance 405