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ADVANCING DESALINATION Edited by Robert Y. Ning ADVANCING DESALINATION Edited by Robert Y. Ning Advancing Desalination http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3368 Edited by Robert Y. Ning Contributors Keita Kashima, Masanao Imai, Marek Gryta, Peng Wu, Robert Y. Ning, Gamal Khedr, Petr Mikulasek, Jiří Cuhorka, Tzu- Yang HSIEN, Yu-Ling Liu, Thomas Troyer, Abdelkrim Cheriti, Khaled Sekkoum, Talhi Mohamed Fouzi, Bourmita Younes, Nasser Belboukhari, Boulenouar Nouredine, Mohamed F. Talhi, Taleb Safia, Thirugnanasambantham Arun Kumar Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Martina Durovic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published September, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Advancing Desalination, Edited by Robert Y. Ning p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0704-0 Contents Preface VII Section 1 Membranes and Systems 1 Chapter 1 Advanced Membrane Material from Marine Biological Polymer and Sensitive Molecular-Size Recognition for Promising Separation Technology 3 Keita Kashima and Masanao Imai Chapter 2 Desalination of Industrial Effluents Using Integrated Membrane Processes 37 Marek Gryta Chapter 3 Novel Biopolymer Composite Membrane Involved with Selective Mass Transfer and Excellent Water Permeability 57 Peng Wu and Masanao Imai Section 2 RO Process Chemistry and Control 83 Chapter 4 Chemistry in the Operation and Maintenance of Reverse Osmosis Systems 85 Robert Y. Ning Chapter 5 Standardized Data and Trending for RO Plant Operators 97 Thomas L. Troyer, Roger S. Tominello and Robert Y. Ning Section 3 Selective Waste Removal 111 Chapter 6 Processing of Desalination Reject Brine for Optimization of Process Efficiency, Cost Effectiveness and Environmental Safety 113 M. Gamal Khedr VI Contents Chapter 7 Nanofiltration Process Efficiency in Liquid Dyes Desalination 137 Petr Mikulášek and Jiří Cuhorka Chapter 8 Desorption of Cadmium from Porous Chitosan Beads 163 Tzu-Yang Hsien and Yu-Ling Liu Section 4 Solar Desalination 181 Chapter 9 Experimental Study on a Compound Parabolic Concentrator Tubular Solar Still Tied with Pyramid Solar Still 183 T. Arunkumar, K. Vinothkumar, Amimul Ahsan, R. Jayaprakash and Sanjay Kumar Section 5 Water Quality 195 Chapter 10 Water in Algerian Sahara: Environmental and Health impact 197 Khaled Sekkoum, Mohamed Fouzi Talhi, Abdelkrim Cheriti, Younes Bourmita, Nasser Belboukhari, Nouredine Boulenouar and Safia Taleb Preface This book is a companion volume to two published in 2011 by INTECH titled “Desalination, Trends and Technologies” and “Expanding Issues in Desalination”. The term “desalination” used in this series is in the broadest sense of the removal of dissolved, suspended, visible and invisible impurities in seawater, brackish water and wastewater. The purpose of desalination is to make water drinkable, or pure enough for industrial applications like in the processes for the production of steam, power, pharmaceuticals and microelectronics, or simply for attaining acceptable qualities for discharge back into the environment. This volume touches on Membranes and Systems, Solar Desalination, Reverse Osmosis Process Chemistry and Control, Drinking Water Quality, and Selective Waste Product Removal. The value of these volumes on the vast topic of desalination is to present the landscape to students, teachers and practitioners, with key concepts and keywords useful in gathering publications through internet search engines. The technologies of desalination of water are advancing as rapidly as the cry of human kind for more availability of quality water supply while minimizing environmental pollution. Contributions to the knowledge-base of desalination are expected to continue to grow exponentially in the coming years. Robert Y. Ning, Ph.D. Vice President, Science and Business Development King Lee Technologies U.S.A. Section 1 Membranes and Systems