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VOLUMEONEHUNDRED ANDTHIRTEEN A DVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH Serial Editors MARGARET KIELIAN THOMAS C. METTENLEITER MARILYN J. ROOSSINCK ADVISORY BOARD SHOUWEI DING JOHN FAZAKERLY KARLA KIRKEGAARD JULIE OVERBAUGH DAVID PRANGISHVILI FE(cid:1)LIX A. REY JUERGEN RICHT JOHN J. SKEHEL GEOFFREY SMITH MARC H.V. VAN REGENMORTEL VERONIKA VON MESSLING VOLUMEONEHUNDRED ANDTHIRTEEN A DVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH Edited by MARGARET KIELIAN Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States THOMAS C. METTENLEITER Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany MARILYN J. ROOSSINCK Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 125LondonWall,London,EC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom Firstedition2022 Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical treatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas containedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-98992-3 ISSN:0065-3527 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:ZoeKruze AcquisitionsEditor:LeticiaLima DevelopmentalEditor:FedericoPauloS.Mendoza ProductionProjectManager:JamesSelvam CoverDesigner:VickyPearson TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Contents Contributors vii 1. Diversity of viral RNA silencing suppressors and their involvement invirus-specific symptoms 1 VitantonioPantaleo andChikara Masuta 1. Introduction 2 2. PrinciplesofRNAsilencingpathwaysinplants 3 3. MultilayerstrategiesofvirusesforsuppressingRNAsilencingatthecellular level 6 4. Concludingremarks 15 Acknowledgments 17 References 17 2. Animal modelsofalphavirus infection andhuman disease 25 CormacJ. Lucasand ThomasE. Morrison 1. Introduction 26 2. Alphavirustransmissioncycles 27 3. Humanclinicaldisease 29 4. Animalmodels 34 5. Animalmodelsofhumandisease 41 6. Animalmodelsofuniqueaspectsofalphavirusinfection 58 7. Virusstrainsusedinanimalmodels 63 8. Conclusions 67 Acknowledgments 68 References 68 3. Enteroviruses: The role of receptors in viralpathogenesis 89 EmmaHeckenberg, Justin T. Steppe,and CarolynB. Coyne 1. Introduction 90 2. Transmissionandvirallifecycle 92 3. Enterovirusstructure 95 4. Enterovirusesandtheirreceptors 96 5. Enterovirusdiseasemodeling 103 6. Concludingremarks 105 References 106 v This page intentionally left blank Contributors CarolynB.Coyne DepartmentofMolecularGeneticsandMicrobiology;DepartmentofPathology,Duke UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Durham,NC,UnitedStates EmmaHeckenberg DepartmentofMolecularGeneticsandMicrobiology,DukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine, Durham,NC,UnitedStates CormacJ.Lucas DepartmentofImmunologyandMicrobiology;RNABioscienceInitiative,Universityof ColoradoSchoolofMedicine,Aurora,CO,UnitedStates ChikaraMasuta ResearchFacultyofAgriculture,HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan ThomasE.Morrison DepartmentofImmunologyandMicrobiology,UniversityofColoradoSchoolofMedicine, Aurora,CO,UnitedStates VitantonioPantaleo DepartmentofBiology,AgriculturalandFoodSciences,InstituteforSustainablePlant Protection,Bari,Italy JustinT.Steppe DepartmentofPathology,DukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Durham,NC, UnitedStates vii This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER ONE Diversity of viral RNA silencing suppressors and their involvement in virus-specific symptoms Vitantonio Pantaleoa,∗ and Chikara Masutab,* aDepartmentofBiology,AgriculturalandFoodSciences,InstituteforSustainablePlantProtection,Bari,Italy bResearchFacultyofAgriculture,HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan *Correspondingauthors:e-mailaddress:[email protected];[email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. PrinciplesofRNAsilencingpathwaysinplants 3 2.1 DiversificationofRNAsilencingsuppressors 4 2.2 Suppressionstrategies 5 3. MultilayerstrategiesofvirusesforsuppressingRNAsilencingatthecellularlevel 6 3.1 Geminiviruses:Acompletearmamentariumofsmallandlargeantiviral defensesuppressors 6 3.2 Potyviruses:MultitaskingHCPro 9 3.3 Tombusviruses:Differenteffectsofp19:siRNA-bindingabilityandbeyond 10 3.4 Cucumoviruses:Furtherexpansionof2bproteinfunctionalityby post-translationalmodification 13 4. Concludingremarks 15 Acknowledgments 17 References 17 Abstract RNAsilencingisanevolutionarilyconservedandhomology-dependentgeneinactiva- tion system that regulates most biological processes at either the transcriptional or post-transcriptionallevel.Inplants,insectsandcertainmammaliansystems,RNAsilenc- ing constitutes the basis of the antiviral defense mechanism. To counteract RNA silencing-based antiviral responses viruses adopt strategies of replication and host invasion that include mechanisms of RNA silencing suppression. Indeed, viruses can expressproteinsknownasRNAsilencingsuppressors(RSSs). Over the last two decades, silencing studies in plant virology have been largely devotedtothediscoveryanddescriptionofRSSs.Theresulthasbeenexcitingandthese studies have revealed (i) an incredible diversity of proteins and mechanisms of RSSs AdvancesinVirusResearch,Volume113 Copyright#2022ElsevierInc. 1 ISSN0065-3527 Allrightsreserved. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.06.001