Table Of Content

Advances in VIRUS RESEARCH VOLUME 47 ADVISORY BOARD DAVW BALTIMOKE PAUL KAESBERC ROBEM M. CHANOCK BERNARD Moss PETER C. DOHEKTY EKI,IN(; NORRRY BERNARD N. FIELDS AKIRA OYA H. J. GROSS B. D. HARRISON J. J. SKEHEI, R. H. SYMONS M. H. V. VAN REGENMORTEL Advances in V I R U S R E S E A R C H Edited by KARL MARAMOROSCH FREDERICK A. MURPHY Department of Entomology Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis, California AARON J. SHATKIN Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine Piscataway, New Jersey VOLUME 47 ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1996 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.apnet.com Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ International Standard Serial Number: 0065-3527 International Standard Book Number: 0- 12-039847-8 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 0 0 0 1 B C 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Marburg and Ebola Viruses HEINZ FELDMANN AND HANS-DIETER KLENK Introduction Epidemiology of Filoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biology of Filoviruses Clinical Virology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note ........................................................ References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pathology and Immunology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. 11. 111. IV. V. I. 11. 111. IV. Molecular Characterization of Pestiviruses GREGOR MEYERS AND HEINZ-JURGEN THIEL Introduction ................................................. Pestiviruses: Diseases, Genomes, and Proteins. .................... RNA Recombination: The Molecular Basis for Cytopathogenicity of Pestiviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Large-Scale Jumps Instead of Tiny Steps: Considerations about Viral Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 18 32 37 42 42 53 54 68 111 113 Principles of Molecular Organization, Expression, and Evolution of Closteroviruses: Over the Barriers A. A. AGRANOVSKY I. Introduction 11. Draft of Clos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 V. Genome Organization and Functions of Gene Products in Closteroviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 VI. Expression Strategy. . VII. Evolution of Closterov VIII. Conclusions ........................ V vi CONTENTS Comparison of the Replication of Positive-Stranded RNA Viruses of Plants and Animals KENNETH W. BUCK I. lntroductiori . . . . . . . . , , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . Virus-Encodcd Rcplicntion Proteins . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Host Proteins in RNA Replication . . . . . . . TV. The Role of Memhranes in RNA Replica V. Cis-Acting Nucleotide Sequences Required for RNA Replication. . . . . . . VT. Control of Asymnictric Positivc- and Ne VII. Concluding Remarks , . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trans-Activation of Cellular Genes by Hepatitis B Virus Proteins: A Possible Mechanism of Hepatocarcinogenesis WOLFGANG H. CASELMANN I. Introduction , , , , . . . . . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. The Hepatitis H Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. LV. HBV 'Itans-Activntors in Hcpatocarcinogenesis . , . . . . . . . Directions and Clinical Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hepatocellular Carcinoma. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Autonomous Parvovirus and Densovirus Gene Vectors JOE CORSINI, BORIS AFANASIEV, IAN H. MAXWELL, AND JONATHAN 0. CARLSON ............................... 11. Parvoviruses. . . , . . . 111. Parvovirus Gene Vectors . . , . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . TV. Summary and Prospe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virus-Induced Immunopathology BARRY T. ROUSE I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Immunopat,hological Lesions Which Primarily Involve CD8' 111. Immunopathological Reactions Primarily Involving CD4+ T Lymphocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Immune Inflammatory Responses Involving Ant,ibody . . . . . V. Viruses and Autoimmunity. . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . , , , . . . . . . VI. Control of Virus-Induced Immune Inflammatory Disease . . VII. Conclusions . , , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T Cells . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . 159 163 205 209 214 233 235 236 253 255 269 272 292 292 303 305 317 335 BY8 353 354 368 364 365 367 370 372 CONTENTS vii Geographic and Molecular Epidemiology of Primate T Lymphotropic Retroviruses: HTLV-I, HTLV-II, STLV-I, STLV-PP, and PTLV-L ANTOINE GESSAIN AND GUY DE THE I. Introduction and Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Genetic Structure of HTLV-1/11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Methods Used in Molecular Epidemiology of PTLVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Migration of Ancient Human Populations ......................... References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 380 382 385 387 403 404 409 411 412 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ADVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH, VOL. 47 MARBURG AND EBOLA VIRUSES Heinz Feldmann and Hans-Dieter Klenk Institute of Virology Philipps University 35037 Marburg, Germany I. Introduction 11. Epidemiology of Filoviruses A. Outbreaks B. Reservoir C. Transmission D. Molecular Evolution 111. Biology of Filoviruses A. Morphology B. Genome C. Viral Proteins D. Virus Replication A. Clinical Syndrome B. Diagnosis C. A. Pathology in Experimental Animals B. Pathology in Humans C. Immunology D. Pathophysiology Note References IV. Clinical Virology Patient Management and Prevention of Infection V. Pathology and Immunology I. INTRODUCTION Filoviruses are among the most pathogenic of human viruses. They are classified as “Biological Level 4” agents (WHO; Risk Group 4) based on their high mortality rate, person-to-person transmission, potential aerosol infectivity, and absence of vaccines and chemotherapy. Maxi- mum containment is required for all laboratory work with infectious material (1, 2). Yet, we are only beginning to understand the interac- tions of these viruses with their host, and our knowledge on genetics, pathogenicity, and natural history is still limited. Even though out- breaks among human and nonhuman primates to date have always been self-limited, it is because of our ignorance about the natural 1 Copyright 0 1996 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.

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Advances in VIRUS RESEARCH VOLUME 47 ADVISORY BOARD DAVW BALTIMOKE PAUL KAESBERC ROBEM M. CHANOCK BERNARD Moss PETER C. DOHEKTY EKI,IN(; NORRRY BERNARD N. FIELDS AKIRA OYA H. J. GROSS B. D. HARRISON J. J. SKEHEI, R. H. SYMONS M. H. V. VAN REGENMORTEL Advances in V I R U S R E S E A R C H Edited by KARL MARAMOROSCH FREDERICK A. MURPHY Department of Entomology Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis, California AARON J. SHATKIN Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine Piscataway, New Jersey VOLUME 47 ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1996 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.apnet.com Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ International Standard Serial Number: 0065-3527 International Standard Book Number: 0- 12-039847-8 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 0 0 0 1 B C 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Marburg and Ebola Viruses HEINZ FELDMANN AND HANS-DIETER KLENK Introduction Epidemiology of Filoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biology of Filoviruses Clinical Virology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note ........................................................ References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pathology and Immunology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. 11. 111. IV. V. I. 11. 111. IV. Molecular Characterization of Pestiviruses GREGOR MEYERS AND HEINZ-JURGEN THIEL Introduction ................................................. Pestiviruses: Diseases, Genomes, and Proteins. .................... RNA Recombination: The Molecular Basis for Cytopathogenicity of Pestiviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Large-Scale Jumps Instead of Tiny Steps: Considerations about Viral Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 18 32 37 42 42 53 54 68 111 113 Principles of Molecular Organization, Expression, and Evolution of Closteroviruses: Over the Barriers A. A. AGRANOVSKY I. Introduction 11. Draft of Clos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 V. Genome Organization and Functions of Gene Products in Closteroviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 VI. Expression Strategy. . VII. Evolution of Closterov VIII. Conclusions ........................ V vi CONTENTS Comparison of the Replication of Positive-Stranded RNA Viruses of Plants and Animals KENNETH W. BUCK I. lntroductiori . . . . . . . . , , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I . Virus-Encodcd Rcplicntion Proteins . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Host Proteins in RNA Replication . . . . . . . TV. The Role of Memhranes in RNA Replica V. Cis-Acting Nucleotide Sequences Required for RNA Replication. . . . . . . VT. Control of Asymnictric Positivc- and Ne VII. Concluding Remarks , . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trans-Activation of Cellular Genes by Hepatitis B Virus Proteins: A Possible Mechanism of Hepatocarcinogenesis WOLFGANG H. CASELMANN I. Introduction , , , , . . . . . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. The Hepatitis H Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. LV. HBV 'Itans-Activntors in Hcpatocarcinogenesis . , . . . . . . . Directions and Clinical Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hepatocellular Carcinoma. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Autonomous Parvovirus and Densovirus Gene Vectors JOE CORSINI, BORIS AFANASIEV, IAN H. MAXWELL, AND JONATHAN 0. CARLSON ............................... 11. Parvoviruses. . . , . . . 111. Parvovirus Gene Vectors . . , . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . TV. Summary and Prospe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virus-Induced Immunopathology BARRY T. ROUSE I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Immunopat,hological Lesions Which Primarily Involve CD8' 111. Immunopathological Reactions Primarily Involving CD4+ T Lymphocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Immune Inflammatory Responses Involving Ant,ibody . . . . . V. Viruses and Autoimmunity. . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . , , , . . . . . . VI. Control of Virus-Induced Immune Inflammatory Disease . . VII. Conclusions . , , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T Cells . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . 159 163 205 209 214 233 235 236 253 255 269 272 292 292 303 305 317 335 BY8 353 354 368 364 365 367 370 372 CONTENTS vii Geographic and Molecular Epidemiology of Primate T Lymphotropic Retroviruses: HTLV-I, HTLV-II, STLV-I, STLV-PP, and PTLV-L ANTOINE GESSAIN AND GUY DE THE I. Introduction and Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111. Genetic Structure of HTLV-1/11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Methods Used in Molecular Epidemiology of PTLVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Migration of Ancient Human Populations ......................... References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 380 382 385 387 403 404 409 411 412 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ADVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH, VOL. 47 MARBURG AND EBOLA VIRUSES Heinz Feldmann and Hans-Dieter Klenk Institute of Virology Philipps University 35037 Marburg, Germany I. Introduction 11. Epidemiology of Filoviruses A. Outbreaks B. Reservoir C. Transmission D. Molecular Evolution 111. Biology of Filoviruses A. Morphology B. Genome C. Viral Proteins D. Virus Replication A. Clinical Syndrome B. Diagnosis C. A. Pathology in Experimental Animals B. Pathology in Humans C. Immunology D. Pathophysiology Note References IV. Clinical Virology Patient Management and Prevention of Infection V. Pathology and Immunology I. INTRODUCTION Filoviruses are among the most pathogenic of human viruses. They are classified as “Biological Level 4” agents (WHO; Risk Group 4) based on their high mortality rate, person-to-person transmission, potential aerosol infectivity, and absence of vaccines and chemotherapy. Maxi- mum containment is required for all laboratory work with infectious material (1, 2). Yet, we are only beginning to understand the interac- tions of these viruses with their host, and our knowledge on genetics, pathogenicity, and natural history is still limited. Even though out- breaks among human and nonhuman primates to date have always been self-limited, it is because of our ignorance about the natural 1 Copyright 0 1996 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.

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