Advances in Vasopressin and Oxytocin — From Genes to Behaviour to Disease PDF
Preview Advances in Vasopressin and Oxytocin — From Genes to Behaviour to Disease
PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH VOLUME 170 ADVANCES IN VASOPRESSIN AND OXYTOCIN — FROM GENES TO BEHAVIOUR TO DISEASE EDITED BY INGA D. NEUMANN UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg,Germany RAINER LANDGRAF MaxPlanckInstituteofPsychiatry,Munich,Germany AMSTERDAM – BOSTON – HEIDELBERG – LONDON – NEW YORK – OXFORD PARIS – SAN DIEGO – SAN FRANCISCO – SINGAPORE – SYDNEY – TOKYO Elsevier TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands Firstedition2008 Copyrightr2008ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuse oroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerial herein.Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independent verificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-444-53201-5 ISSN:0079-6123 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com PrintedandboundinHungary 08 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 List of Contributors G. Aguilera, Section on Endocrine Physiology, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA J.A. Amico, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA R. Bachner-Melman, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel J.S. Bains, Hotchkiss Brain Institute; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Calgary, AB, Canada J.A. Bartz, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA T.A. Baskerville, Centre for Integrative Physiology, SBMS, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK Y. Ben-Ari, INMED-INSERM U29, Universite´ de la Me´diterrane´e, Marseille, France A. Berko´, Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, Ko¨ze´pfasor, Hungary G. Bornstein, Department of Psychology; Center for the Study of Rationality and Interactive Decision Theory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel C.W. Bourque, Center for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital and McGill University, Montre´al, Que´bec, Canada S.Brauer,Johannes-GutenbergUniversityMainz,InstituteofBiochemistry,Becherweg,Mainz,Germany C.H. Brown, Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand P.J. Brunton, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK H.-M. Cai, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA H.K. Caldwell, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA L. Campbell-Wan, Department of Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering-Plough Corporation), Newhouse, UK C. Caquineau, Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan C.S.Carter,TheBrain-BodyCenter,DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago, IL, USA J. Chen, Section on Endocrine Physiology, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA B. Chini, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Pharmocology Section, Milan, Italy E. Choleris, Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada S. Ciura, Center for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital and McGill University, Montre´al, Que´bec, Canada M. Craighead, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering- Plough Corporation), Newhouse, UK G. Dayanithi, INSERM-U 583, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hoˆpital St. Eloi, Montpellier, Cedex, France G.J.deVries,CenterforNeuroendocrineStudies,TobinHall,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,MA,USA v vi N. Devidze, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA D. Devost, Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada S. Di, Neurobiology Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA G. Domes, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland A.J.Douglas,CentreforIntegrativePhysiology,SBMS,UniversityofEdinburgh,HughRobsonBuilding, George Square, Edinburgh, UK T. Durroux, Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle, UMR5203-CNRS, U661-INSERM, Universite´ Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, Cedex, France R.P. Ebstein, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; S. Herzog Memorial Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel M. Engelmann, Otto-von-Guericke-Universita¨t, Institut fu¨r Medizinische Neurobiologie, Magdeburg, Germany R.A. Fenton, The Water and Salt Research Center, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark C.F. Ferris, Department of Psychology, Center for Translational Imaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA S. Fink, Computational and Molecular Population Genetics (CMPG), Zoological Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland J. Flak, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA H.Funayama,DepartmentofMedicine,JichiMedicalUniversitySaitamaMedicalCenter,Saitama,Japan H. Gainer, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA G.Gimpl,Johannes-GutenbergUniversityMainz,InstituteofBiochemistry,Becherweg,Mainz,Germany J.L. Goodson, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA R. Granot, Musicology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel A.J. Grippo, The Brain-Body Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA G. Guillon, Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle, UMR5203-CNRS, U661-INSERM, Universite´ Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, Cedex, France G.I.Hatton,DepartmentofCellBiologyandNeuroscience,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA,USA G. Heckel, Computational and Molecular Population Genetics (CMPG), Zoological Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland M. Heinrichs, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland J.P. Herman, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA E. Hollander, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA K.J. Iremonger, Hotchkiss Brain Institute; Department of Neuroscience, Calgary, AB, Canada S.-eIshikawa,DepartmentofMedicine,JichiMedicalUniversitySaitamaMedicalCenter,Saitama,Japan S. Israel, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel R. Jankord, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Y. Kasahara, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan K. Kasono, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan M. Kavaliers, Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada M. Kawamata, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Section for Studies on Metastasis, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan vii R. Khazipov, INMED-INSERM U29, Universite´ de la Me´diterrane´e, Marseille, France A. Knafo, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel J.B.Kuzmiski,HotchkissBrainInstitute,DepartmentofPhysiologyandBiophysics,FacultyofMedicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada F. La´szlo´, Institute of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Juha´sz Gyula Teacher Training College, University of Szeged, Topolya sor, Hungary; Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, Ko¨ze´pfasor, Hungary F.A. La´szlo´, Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, Ko¨ze´pfasor, Hungary H.-J.Lee,SectiononNeuralGeneExpression,NationalInstituteofMentalHealth,NationalInstitutesof Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA G. Leng, Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan E. Lerer, Department of Human Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel C. Llorens-Cortes, INSERM, U 691; Colle`ge de France; Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie; 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, France M. Ludwig, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK A.H. Macbeth, Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA C.P. MacSweeney, Department of Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering-Plough Corporation), Newhouse, UK M.Manning,BiochemistryandCancerBiology,UniversityofToledoCollegeofMedicine,Toledo,OH,USA H.M. Marston, Department of Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering-Plough Corporation), Newhouse, UK N.A. McDonald, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada A. Meyer-Lindenberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany J.A. Miedlar, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA R.Milne,Department ofMolecularPharmacology,OrganonLaboratories (apartoftheSchering-Plough Corporation), Newhouse, UK H.B. Moeller, The Water and Salt Research Center, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark A.H. Molna´r, Institute of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Juha´sz Gyula Teacher Training College, University of Szeged, Topolya sor, Hungary F.Moos,Universite´ deBordeaux2,CNRSUMR5226,INRAUMR1286,UFRdePharmacie,Bordeaux, France J.-P. Mothet, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France B. Mouillac, Institut de Ge´nomique Fonctionnelle, UMR5203-CNRS, U661-INSERM, Universite´ Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, Cedex, France N.Naderi,NeuroscienceResearchCentre,ShaheedBeheshtiUniversityofMedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran I.D. Neumann, Department of Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany K. Nishimori, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Y. Noda, Department of Nephrology; COE Program for Brain Integration and its Disorders, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan S.H.R. Oliet, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France viii T.Onaka,CentreforIntegrativePhysiology,TheUniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UK;JichiMedical University, Tochigi, Japan A. Panatier, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor Segalen Bordeaux2,Bordeaux,France;De´partementdePhysiology,Universite´ deMontre´al,Montre´al,Que´bec, Canada M.C. Papadopoulos, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Academic Neurosurgery Unit, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK A´ . Pa´rducz, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesva´ri krt., Hungary D.W. Pfaff, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA R. Piet, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France Q.J. Pittman, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada S.W. Porges, The Brain-Body Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA D.A. Poulain, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France H. Pournajafi-Nazarloo, The Brain-Body Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA J. Presland, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering- Plough Corporation), Newhouse, UK M. Reibold, Department of Human Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel J. Reitz, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Biochemistry, Becherweg, Mainz, Germany I. Rojik, Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, Ko¨ze´pfasor, Hungary M. Ruan, Centre forNeuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand M.G. Ruscio, Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA J.A. Russell, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK N. Sabatier, Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan T. Saito, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan T. Saito, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan S. Sasaki, Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan R.W. Schrier, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA Y. Schwab, IGBMC-Centre d’Imagerie, Microscopie Electronique, Illkirch Cedex, France E.M.Scordalakes,LaboratoryofNeurochemistry,NationalInstituteofNeurologicalDisorderandStroke, NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,MD,USA;DepartmentofPharmacology,UniversityofTexas Health Science Center of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA V. Scott, Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand I. Shalev, Brain and Behavior Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel R.Sharif-Naeini,CenterforResearchinNeuroscience,MontrealGeneralHospitalandMcGillUniversity, Montre´al, Que´bec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie Mole´culaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France ix C.D. Sladek, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA Z.Song,DepartmentofPhysiologyandBiophysics,UniversityofColoradoatDenverandHealthSciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA T.J. Stachniak, Center for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital and McGill University, Montre´al, Que´bec, Canada M.A. Steiner, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuroplasticity Group, Kraepelinstrasse, Munich, Germany S.Stoev, Biochemistry and CancerBiology, UniversityofToledoCollege ofMedicine,Toledo,OH,USA R. Stoop, Centre for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center Lausanne (CHUV), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland S.Subburaju,SectiononEndocrinePhysiology,DevelopmentalEndocrinologyBranch,NationalInstitute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA Y. Takayanagi, Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan J.G. Tasker, Neurobiology Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA D.T. Theodosis, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France F.J. Thomson, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering- Plough Corporation), Newhouse, UK V.A. Tobin, Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan C.Trossen,Johannes-GutenbergUniversityMainz,InstituteofBiochemistry,Becherweg,Mainz,Germany E. Trudel, Center for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital and McGill University, Montre´al, Que´bec, Canada R. Tyzio, INMED-INSERM U29, Universite´ de la Me´diterrane´e, Marseille, France F. Uzefovsky, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel C. Varga, Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, Ko¨ze´pfasor, Hungary A.H. Veenema, Department of Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany A.S. Verkman, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Academic Neurosurgery Unit, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK C. Viero, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Wales Heart Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK D. Viviani, Centre for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center Lausanne (CHUV), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland R.R. Vollmer, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Y.-F.Wang,DepartmentofCellBiologyandNeuroscience,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA,USA L.Watson,DepartmentofMolecularPharmacology,OrganonLaboratories(apartoftheSchering-Plough Corporation), Newhouse, UK S.R. Wersinger, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, NY, USA C.T.Wotjak,MaxPlanckInstituteofPsychiatry,NeuroplasticityGroup,Kraepelinstrasse,Munich,Germany P. Wrzal, Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada N. Yirmiya, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel x M. Yoshida, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan L.J. Young, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA S. Young, Section on Endocrine Physiology, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA W.S. Young, III, Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA C.Yue,LaboratoryofNeurochemistry,NationalInstituteofNeurologicalDisorderandStroke,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA H.H. Zingg, Department of Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Preface Therootsofneurohypophysialhormoneresearchcanbetracedbacktotheendofthe19thcentury,when Ramon y Cajal, in 1894, described a neural pathway from the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary, and Oliver and Scha¨fer demonstrated blood pressure effects of neurohypophysial extractsin1895.Thirtytofortyyearslater,theGermanbiologistsErnstandBertaScharrerpostulatedthe existenceofspecializedneuronsinthehypothalamusofinvertebrates,aswellasvertebrates,whichformed andsecretedcytoplasmicvesicles,comparabletothosefoundinperipheralsecretorycells.Finally,in1951 Wolfgang Bargmann and Ernst Scharrer demonstrated that vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in neurons of the hypothalamus, specifically within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, irrefutably establishing the existence of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. These neurons are characterized by their long axonal processes projecting to the posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis as a synonym), where the nerve terminals form close contact zones with blood capillaries. Vasopressin and oxytocin are transportedwithinneurosecretoryvesiclesalongtheseaxonstotheposteriorpituitaryandaresecretedinto blood circulation upon appropriate stimulation. Ever since this system was described in the fish brain, this well-defined and compact arrangement of relativelylargeneuronsatthebaseofthebrainhasservedasthegoldstandardinneuroendocrinologyand neuroscience. In 1952, Vincentdu Vigneaud isolatedtheneurohypophysial peptidesand,subsequently,he andindependentlyRogerAcherelucidatedtheirchemicalstructureasaprerequisitefortheirsynthesis.As a logical consequence of these discoveries, the physiological functions of vasopressin and oxytocin were revealed in great detail, i.e. the antidiuretic and cardiovascular effects of vasopressin, and the promotion of uterine contractions and of milk ejection by oxytocin, using posterior pituitary extracts or later thesyntheticneuropeptides.Inconcertwiththehormonesreleasedfromthehypothalamustoregulatethe adenohypophysialfunctions,theneuropeptidesofthehypothalamo-neurohypophysialsystemmediatethe functional impact of the brain on complex processes related to physiological homoeostasis, metabolism, growth, sexual and reproductive functions and stress coping to name but a few. Aneweraofvasopressinandoxytocinresearchstartedintheearly1970s,whenDaviddeWieddescribed the first behavioural effects of neurohypophysial neuropeptides and their fragments, thereby synergizing the fields of neuroendocrinology and behavioural neuroscience. Shortly after, the description of neurophysin-containing pathways, mainly originating in the hypothalamus and projecting to extra- hypothalamic targets, added significant weight to a novel and emerging concept of brain vasopressin and oxytocin systems, which were independently regulated from the activity of the hypothalamo- neurohypophysial system. Harold Gainer has described the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system as a ‘‘veritable Rosetta stone for neuroendocrinology and neuroscience’’. Indeed, outstanding neurobiological discoveries have been founded on this neurobiological model system with big (i.e. magnocellular) neurons, which are easily accessible, identifiable by electrophysiological, immunohistochemical or in situ hybridization techniques, andlocalizedincompactandrelativelyhomogenousnuclei.Thus,overthelast40years,importantinsights have been gained into the bursting pacemaker activity of neurosecretory neurons, the stimulus-secretion coupling, the organization of neuropeptidergic pathways and local release patterns within the brain, neuronal–glial interactive plasticity, the development of neuropeptide receptor antagonists and, xi xii Vasopressin Neurohypophysis Oxytocin Lineage Lineage Lineage (cid:129)Bristol 1956 (cid:129)Montevideo 1959 (cid:129)Key Biscayne 1976 (cid:129) Nikko1979 (cid:129)Cambridge (UK) 1982 (cid:129) Aspen 1984 (cid:129) Lac Beauport 1984 (cid:129) Smuggler’s Notch 1987 (cid:129)Hakone 1988 (cid:129)Copenhagen 1989 (cid:129) Montpellier 1990 (cid:129) Arlington 1991 (cid:129)Spa 1992 (cid:129)Hanover (NH) 1992 (cid:129) Berlin 1993 (cid:129) Stade 1995 WCNH 1 - Nasu 1995 WCNH 2 - Montreal 1997 WCNH 3 - Edinburgh 1999 WCNH 4 - Bordeaux 2001 WCNH 5 - Kyoto 2003 WCNH 6 - Steamboat Springs 2005 WCNH 7 - Regensburg 2007 Fig. 1. ‘‘Molecular pedigree’’ of neurohypophysial hormone conferences. This retrospective view is based on a previous WCNH preface(Zingg,H.H.,Bourque,C.W.andBichet,D.G.(Eds.)(1998).VasopressinandOxytocin:Molecular,Cellular,andClinical Advances.PlenumPress,NewYork,p.vi)andincorporatesinputsfromM.ManningandE.Frank.Theunderlyingoxytocinmolecule hasbeenadaptedfromwww.medicalcomputing.net.
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